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 | "Descrizione" about Tocopherols Review Consensus 10 by A_Partyns (12463 pt) | 2023-Oct-06 19:48 |  |
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Tocopherols or Tocopherol is a chemical compound, a fat-soluble substance belonging to the family of tocopherol compounds, also known as vitamin E, and consists of alpha-tocopherol, beta-tocopherol, delta-tocopherol and/or gamma-tocopherol. Alpha-tocopherol is considered the most active and bioavailable form of vitamin E for the human body.
It is a fundamental antioxidant and can be created using a chemical process.
Its antioxidant action has effects on the brain (1), when, in the cardiovascular system, there are problems of diabetes caused by LDL cholesterol (2) and in liver diseases (3)
In the medical field it is an adjuvant to treat vascular diseases, as prevention for cellular diseases and for a correct functioning of the immune system.
No positive action, however, was found towards prostate cancer, as demonstrated by this study of very long duration on many samples (4).
What it is used for and where
Medical
Its antioxidant action has effects on the brain (1), when, in the cardiovascular system, there are problems of diabetes caused by LDL cholesterol (2) and in liver diseases (3)
In the medical field it is an adjuvant to treat vascular diseases, as prevention for cellular diseases and for a correct functioning of the immune system.
No positive action, however, was found towards prostate cancer, as demonstrated by this study of very long duration on many samples (4).
Food
Ingredient included in the list of European food additives as E307, antioxidant.
Cosmetics
Antioxidant agent. Ingredient that counteracts oxidative stress and prevents cell damage. Free radicals, pathological inflammatory processes, reactive nitrogen species and reactive oxygen species are responsible for the ageing process and many diseases caused by oxidation.
Fragrance. It plays a decisive and important role in the formulation of cosmetic products as it provides the possibility of enhancing, masking or adding fragrance to the final product, increasing its marketability. The consumer always expects to find a pleasant or distinctive scent in a cosmetic product.
Skin conditioning agent - Miscellaneous. This ingredient has the task of modifying the condition of the skin when it is damaged or dry by reducing its flakiness and restoring its elasticity.
Skin conditioning agent - Occlusive. This ingredient has the task of modifying the condition of the skin when it is damaged or dry by reducing flaking and restoring elasticity. It has a strong lipophilic character and is identified as an occlusive ingredient; it is generally composed of oily and fatty materials that remain on the skin surface and reduce trans epidermal water loss.
Synonyms:
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| "Descrizione" about Mineral Oil\Paraffinum Liquidum\Huile Minerale by A_Partyns (12463 pt) | 2023-Aug-25 12:59 | |
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Mineral Oil\Paraffinum Liquidum\Huile Minerale
is the name for paraffin in liquid form. a highly refined mineral oil. A complex combination of highly refined branched-chain and highly refined naphthenic saturated hydrocarbons consisting of mineral oil saturated hydrocarbons and mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons.
The name defines the structure of the molecule
Description of raw materials used in production
Step-by-step summary of industrial chemical synthesis process.
It appears as a transparent oily liquid
What it is used for and where
Cosmetics
Emollient agent. The presence of Paraffinum liquidum produces, in the biophysical properties of the skin, a reduction in the natural loss of trans epidermal water, as an occlusive agent that physically blocks the evaporation of water from the skin (1). but, while glycerine attracts water to the surface of the skin and in this way maintains the hydration of the stratum corneum, Paraffinum liquidum is adsorbed onto the skin and reduces the loss of trans epidermal water by producing an emollient film. Emollients have the characteristic of enhancing the skin barrier through a source of exogenous lipids that adhere to the skin, improving barrier properties by filling gaps in inter-epidermal clusters to improve hydration while protecting against inflammation. Emollients are described as degreasing or refreshing additives that improve the lipid content of the upper layers of the skin by preventing degreasing and drying of the skin. The problem with emollients is that many have a strong lipophilic character and are identified as occlusive ingredients; they are oily and fatty materials that remain on the skin surface and reduce transepidermal water loss. In cosmetics, emollients and moisturisers are often considered synonymous with humectants and occlusives.
Antistatic agent. Static electricity build-up has a direct influence on products and causes electrostatic adsorption. The antistatic ingredient reduces static build-up and surface resistivity on the surface of the skin and hair.
Skin protectant. It creates a protective barrier on the skin to defend it from harmful substances, irritants, allergens, pathogens that can cause various inflammatory conditions. These products can also improve the natural skin barrier and in most cases more than one is needed to achieve an effective result.
Solvent. It is the substance for dissolving or dispersing surfactants, oils, dyes, flavourings, bactericidal preservatives in solution.In fact, it dissolves other components present in a cosmetic formulation. Solvents are generally liquid (aqueous and non-aqueous).
Other uses
It is mainly used as components and packaging materials for food, oral medicines, waxed paper, crayons, candles, carbon paper, coating materials for fruit preservation, insulation in electrical components. It helps improve the ageing resistance of rubber and increase its flexibility. Other applications include the oxidation process to generate synthetic fatty acids.
Safety
In this recent study (2) Paraffinum liquidum was tested in the laboratory for its degree of toxicity and all concentrations used caused the release of lactate dehydrogenase, resulting in cytotoxicity. A 1% to 50% increase in lactate dehydrogenase levels was observed after treatment of the cells compared to the negative control groups. This increase was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The maximum cytotoxic effect of Paraffinum liquidum was observed at the 50% dilution. Since hydrocarbons with saturated ring systems and aromatic hydrocarbons are present in the production of this chemical compound, some of the compounds such as benzene hydrocarbons may be of potential health hazard, which includes carcinogenic effects in particular (3).
Commercial applications
Cosmetics. Used as an emollient and moisturizing agent in skincare and haircare products.
Baby Care Products. Found in baby lotions and oils.
Laxative. Sometimes used as an oral laxative in medicine.
Food Industry. Used as a coating or thickening agent in some food products.
Lubricant. Employed in some industrial and mechanical applications as a lubricant.
Plastic Production. A plasticizing agent in certain plastic formulations.
Pharmaceutical Applications. Used as a component in some pharmaceutical formulations.
The most relevant studies on the subject have been selected with a summary of their contents:
Molecular weight 423 g/mol
CAS 8012-95-1 8042-47-5
EC number 232-384-2 232-455-8
Synonyms :
References_____________________________________________________________________
(1) Samadi A, Khosrowpour Z, Nasrollahi SA, Ayatollahi A, Firooz A. Protective Effects of Moisturizers on Skin Barrier during Regular Hand Washing with Soap Bars. Indian J Dermatol. 2021 Mar-Apr;66(2):207-208. doi: 10.4103/ijd.IJD_687_19.
(2) Kirkik, D., Hacimustafaoglu, F., & Altunkanat, D. (2022). Cytotoxic Effects of Ceteareth-20 and Paraffinium Liquidum.
(3) Weber S, Schrag K, Mildau G, Kuballa T, Walch SG, Lachenmeier DW. Analytical Methods for the Determination of Mineral Oil Saturated Hydrocarbons (MOSH) and Mineral Oil Aromatic Hydrocarbons (MOAH)-A Short Review. Anal Chem Insights. 2018 Jun 4;13:1177390118777757. doi: 10.1177/1177390118777757.
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| "Descrizione" about Pantothenic acid Review Consensus 10 by A_Partyns (12463 pt) | 2023-Jul-15 18:40 | |
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Pantothenic acid or Vitamin B5 or is an essential nutrient for humans.
Its name derives from the Greek "Παντοθένη," which means "everywhere," as it is widely distributed in foods.
It is involved in the synthesis of coenzyme A (CoA), an important molecule in metabolic processes. It is also involved in the synthesis of many important substances, including fatty acids. Pantothenic acid is not synthesized in the human body and must be obtained from the diet. It is found in nearly all foods to some extent, with the highest amounts in whole grains, legumes, eggs, meat, and avocados.
The industrial synthesis process of pantothenic acid can be divided into several steps:
What it is for and where
Medicine
Pantothenic acid helps growth, regenerates the skin and helps supply energy to the body. It performs important functions in the adrenal glands and in the nervous system.
Vitamin B5 is found in lentils, peas, cereals, soy, peanuts while in animals it is found in meat, eggs, liver, milk.
The cases of deficiency of this vitamin are very rare and coincide with strong states of malnutrition.
It is widely used in the healthcare sector and in cosmetic products.
Vitamin B5 has been used, with some success, in the treatment of light acne (1), useful as a prevention of skin infections from pathogenic agents (2) and an adjunct in the treatment of hair loss (3).
Cosmetics
Pantothenic acid studies
Synonyms:
References____________________________________________
(1) Yang M, Moclair B, Hatcher V, Kaminetsky J, Mekas M, Chapas A, Capodice J. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of a novel pantothenic Acid-based dietary supplement in subjects with mild to moderate facial acne. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb). 2014 Jun;4(1):93-101. doi: 10.1007/s13555-014-0052-3.
(2) Chohnan S, Murase M, Kurikawa K, Higashi K, Ogata Y. Antimicrobial activity of pantothenol against staphylococci possessing a prokaryotic type II pantothenate kinase. Microbes Environ. 2014;29(2):224-6.
(3) Davis MG1, Thomas JH, van de Velde S, Boissy Y, Dawson TL Jr, Iveson R, Sutton K. Br A novel cosmetic approach to treat thinning hair. Dermatol. 2011 Dec;165 Suppl 3:24-30. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2011.10633.x.
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| "Descrizione" about α-tocopherol Review Consensus 10 by A_Partyns (12463 pt) | 2023-Jul-15 12:58 | |
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α-Tocopherol is the most commonly available and widely known member of the vitamin E family. Vitamin E is a group of eight fat-soluble compounds that include four tocopherols and four tocotrienols.
"Alpha-tocopherol" essentially refers to the primary form of Vitamin E that is an alcohol and is important for reproduction among other functions.
Vitamin E is a group of eight fat-soluble compounds that include four tocopherols and four tocotrienols. Alpha-tocopherol is the most commonly available and widely known member of the Vitamin E family.
Tocopherol consists of α-tocopherol, β-tocopherol, δ-tocopherol, γ-tocopherol and is a lipophilic molecule, synthesized by photosynthetic organisms via enzymes.
The name describes the structure of the molecule:
Vitamin E can be synthesized in the laboratory but is usually extracted from natural sources. The synthesis of Vitamin E is a complex process that involves multiple steps and reactions. Here's a simplified version of the process:
Industrially it occurs as a fine, white powder or transparent yellow liquid.
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The term α-tocopherol does not refer to a single substance, but to eight different isomers that perform the same function. Vitamin E is the most important fat-soluble antioxidant.
Vitamin E occurs naturally in cereals, in oils and, in particular in:
What it is used for and where
Medical
Tocopherol can increase the antioxidant effect of cells producing an anti-ageing effect by improving lipid metabolism, it is a key antioxidant and can be created by synthesis.
Its antioxidant action has effects on the brain (1), when, in the cardiovascular system, there are problems of diabetes caused by LDL cholesterol (2) and in liver diseases (3)
In the medical field it is an adjuvant to treat vascular diseases, as prevention for cellular diseases and for a correct functioning of the immune system.
No positive action, however, was found towards prostate cancer, as demonstrated by this study of very long duration on many samples (4).
Cosmetics
In recent years, tocopherol has often been used in cosmetic products such as detergents, shampoos and creams for its antioxidant, nutrient properties and as a skin conditioning agent.
Let us look in detail at its cosmetic properties.
For more information:
Optimal typical characteristics of the commercial product Tocopherol powder
| Appearance | Powder fine white |
| Boiling Point | 485.9±0.0 °C at 760 mmHg |
| Melting Point | 2.5-3.5ºC |
| Flash Point | 210.2±24.4 °C |
| Density | 0.9±0.1 g/cm3 |
| PSA | 29.46000 |
| Assay | ≥99.5% |
| Index of Refraction | 1.495 |
| Vapour Pressure | 0.0±1.2 mmHg at 25°C |
| LogP | 11.90 |
| Loss on drying | NMT 0.2% |
| Heavy Metal (Pb) | NMT 0.5 mg/kg |
| Ash | NMT 0.01% |
| As | NMT 2.0 mg/kg |
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Synonyms:
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| "Descrizione" about Betanin by A_Partyns (12463 pt) | 2023-Jul-12 18:58 | |
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Betanin (E162 or Beetroot red) is a chemical compound, an ingredient included in the list of European food dye additives.
The name describes the structure of the molecule:
The synthesis process takes place in different steps:
It appears in the form of a red powder
What it is used for and where
It contains interesting bioactive compounds such as cyclic amines, phenols and minerals (1) and especially betalain, a water-soluble natural pigment found in plants belonging to the order Caryophyllales.
Food
Beetroot Red is a natural food additive also called Betanine, it is extracted from red beets (Beta vulgaris) by squeezing process.
The coloring is purple red and is commonly used in food and drink. It’s unstable because it tends to degrade with light, but it’s considered harmless to human health.
Beetroot Red has been used in food technology as both a dye and as a source of antioxidants.
Medical
Betalain present in beetroot is antibacterial as it causes the antibacterial components in the human body to react, contributing to the better functioning of the immune system as a whole, improves discomfort and knee function (2).
Cosmetics
It is a restricted ingredient as IV/148 a Relevant Item in the Annexes of the European Cosmetics Regulation 1223/2009. Substance or ingredient reported:
Colorant. This ingredient has the function of colouring the solution in which it is inserted in a temporary, semi-permanent or permanent manner, either alone or in the presence of the complementary components added for colouring.
Safety
The use of colours in food is banned in all foods for infants and young children, yet the EFSA Panel found Beetroot Red to be of no safety concern (3).
Molecular Formula: C24H26N2O13
Molecular Weight: 550.473 g/mol
CAS: 7659-95-2
EC Number: 231-628-5
FEMA Number:
Synonyms:
References____________________________________________________________________
(1) Lee JH, Chin KB. Evaluation of antioxidant activities of red beet extracts, and physicochemical and microbial changes of ground pork patties containing red beet extracts during refrigerated storage. Korean J. Food Sci. An. 2012;32:497–503. doi: 10.5851/kosfa.2012.32.4.497
(2) Pietrzkowski, Z., Argumedo, R., Shu, C., Nemzer, B., Wybraniec, S., & Reyes-Izquierdo, T. (2014). Betalain-rich red beet concentrate improves reduced knee discomfort and joint function: a double blind, placebo-controlled pilot clinical study. Nutrition and Dietary Supplements, 9-13.
(3) EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food (ANS). (2015). Scientific Opinion on the re‐evaluation of beetroot red (E 162) as a food additive. EFSA Journal, 13(12), 4318.
Abstract. Beetroot red (E 162) is a natural colour containing a number of pigments, all belonging to the class known as betalains. The main colouring principle consists of a number of betacyanins. The Panel noted that the specification for the content of red colour (expressed as betanin) in beetroot red, as not less than 0.4%, may give rise to some confusion, given the number of different forms of beetroot red that may be on the market, including simple extracts, refined extracts and spray-dried powders. The Panel considered that revision of the current specification to reflect betanin content on a dried solids basis could be appropriate. The Panel noted that toxicological studies carried out on material conforming to the specifications for beetroot red are limited in number. Acute and short-term toxicity studies are too limited to draw conclusions on these endpoints. The genotoxic potential of beetroot red could not be evaluated based on the available data. There are only limited or inadequate studies available on the chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity of beetroot red and therefore the Panel could not conclude on these endpoints. No adequate studies on reproduction and developmental toxicity were available. The Panel concluded that the currently available toxicological database was inadequate to establish an acceptable daily intake (ADI) for beetroot red as defined by the specifications set for the food additive E 162. However, the colouring principles in E 162 are natural dietary constituents having a long history of food consumption. In addition, the betanin exposure resulting from the use of beetroot red (E 162) as food additive is in the same range as the exposure to the betanin from the regular diet. Therefore, the Panel concluded that, at the reported use levels, beetroot red (E 162) is not of safety concern as regards its current use as a food additive.
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| "Descrizione" about Tocopherol Review Consensus 10 by A_Partyns (12463 pt) | 2023-May-25 18:29 | |
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Tocopherol or Tocopherols is a chemical compound, a fat-soluble substance belonging to the family of tocopherol compounds, also known as vitamin E, and consists of alpha-tocopherol, beta-tocopherol, delta-tocopherol and/or gamma-tocopherol. Alpha-tocopherol is considered the most active and bioavailable form of vitamin E for the human body.
It is a fundamental antioxidant and can be created using a chemical process.
Its antioxidant action has effects on the brain (1), when, in the cardiovascular system, there are problems of diabetes caused by LDL cholesterol (2) and in liver diseases (3)
In the medical field it is an adjuvant to treat vascular diseases, as prevention for cellular diseases and for a correct functioning of the immune system.
No positive action, however, was found towards prostate cancer, as demonstrated by this study of very long duration on many samples (4).
What it is used for and where
Medical
Its antioxidant action has effects on the brain (1), when, in the cardiovascular system, there are problems of diabetes caused by LDL cholesterol (2) and in liver diseases (3)
In the medical field it is an adjuvant to treat vascular diseases, as prevention for cellular diseases and for a correct functioning of the immune system.
No positive action, however, was found towards prostate cancer, as demonstrated by this study of very long duration on many samples (4).
Food
Ingredient included in the list of European food additives as E307, antioxidant.
Cosmetics
Antioxidant agent. Ingredient that counteracts oxidative stress and prevents cell damage. Free radicals, pathological inflammatory processes, reactive nitrogen species and reactive oxygen species are responsible for the ageing process and many diseases caused by oxidation.
Fragrance. It plays a decisive and important role in the formulation of cosmetic products as it provides the possibility of enhancing, masking or adding fragrance to the final product, increasing its marketability. The consumer always expects to find a pleasant or distinctive scent in a cosmetic product.
Skin conditioning agent - Miscellaneous. This ingredient has the task of modifying the condition of the skin when it is damaged or dry by reducing its flakiness and restoring its elasticity.
Skin conditioning agent - Occlusive. This ingredient has the task of modifying the condition of the skin when it is damaged or dry by reducing flaking and restoring elasticity. It has a strong lipophilic character and is identified as an occlusive ingredient; it is generally composed of oily and fatty materials that remain on the skin surface and reduce trans epidermal water loss.
Synonyms:
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| "Descrizione" about E955 Review Consensus 10 by A_Partyns (12463 pt) | 2023-Jul-08 21:38 | |
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E955 (Sucralose) is a disaccharide derivative linked by a glycosidic bond, an organochlorine compound.
The name "sucralose" provides information about the nature of the compound:
The synthesis process takes place in several stages:
It appears as a white crystalline powder
What it is used for and where
Sucralose is a derivative of chlorinated sucrose. It is about 600 times sweeter than sugar, but has no calories because the human body does not metabolize it. This makes it a popular sweetener for dietary foods and beverages. It is also heat stable, so it can be used in cooking and cooking. As with other artificial sweeteners, the safety of sucralose has been the subject of research and debate.
Food
It is a synthetic sweetener and is labelled as E955 in the European food additives table.
Cosmetics
Flavoring agent. The purpose of this ingredient is to modify the solution to add flavour. Natural flavouring extracts are rather expensive, so the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries resort to synthesised substances that have sensory characteristics mostly similar to natural flavourings or are naturally equivalent. This ingredient is isolated through chemical processes or is synthesised from chemicals.
Studies
The concentration of Sucralose in food has an FDA-approved acceptable daily intake (ADI) limit of 0.1 mg/ml in humans: 15mg/kg/day (1).
In this study, however, unlike Acesulfame K, another sweetener, Sucralose, at maximum ADI levels, influenced the relative amount of Clostridium XIVa cluster in faecal microbiome and cholesterol metabolism in laboratory animals (2).
Pregnant and lactating women, children, diabetics, migraine and epilepsy patients represent the population susceptible to the adverse effects of products containing NNS (non-nutritive sweeteners) and should use these products with caution.
The general use of NNS remains controversial and consumers should be fully informed about the potential risks of their use, based on current evidence-based dietary guidelines. An 11-12 year follow-up study in the UK showed that consuming 2 or more servings of soft drinks containing NNS increased the risk of coronary heart disease and chronic kidney disease (3).
In the USA it is called Splenda.
"Sucralose non Carcinogenicity"
Synonyms.
References______________________________________________________________
(1) Bian X, Chi L, Gao B, Tu P, Ru H, Lu K. Gut Microbiome Response to Sucralose and Its Potential Role in Inducing Liver Inflammation in Mice. Front Physiol. 2017 Jul 24;8:487. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00487.
(2) Uebanso T, Ohnishi A, Kitayama R, Yoshimoto A, Nakahashi M, Shimohata T, Mawatari K, Takahashi A. Effects of Low-Dose Non-Caloric Sweetener Consumption on Gut Microbiota in Mice. Nutrients. 2017 Jun 1;9(6). pii: E560. doi: 10.3390/nu9060560
(3) Nonnutritive sweeteners: current use and health perspectives: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association and the American Diabetes Association.
Gardner C, Wylie-Rosett J, Gidding SS, Steffen LM, Johnson RK, Reader D, Lichtenstein AH, American Heart Association Nutrition Committee of the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity and Metabolism, Council on Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young., American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care. 2012 Aug; 35(8):1798-808.
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