Ocimum sanctum, also known as Holy Basil or Tulsi, is a highly revered plant in Hindu culture and traditional medicine. It is celebrated not only for its spiritual significance but also for its extensive medicinal properties. Holy Basil is commonly grown in gardens and temples in India, where it is often considered sacred and is used in various religious rituals.
Botanical Classification

Kingdom: Plantae
Order: Lamiales
Family: Lamiaceae
Genus: Ocimum
Species: O. sanctum

Plant Characteristics

Height: Typically grows between 30-60 cm (12-24 inches), though it can reach up to 1 meter (3 feet) under optimal conditions.
Leaves: The leaves are elliptic to ovate, measuring 2.5-5 cm (1-2 inches) in length. They have a distinct, spicy aroma and are covered with fine hairs.
Flowers: Small and tubular, arranged in whorls on spikes. The flowers are typically purple or white, and they appear from late summer to early fall.
Fruit: The plant produces small, brown, ribbed seeds that are about 1.5 mm in diameter.

Chemical Composition and Structure

Ocimum sanctum contains a diverse range of bioactive compounds that contribute to its therapeutic properties:

Essential Oils: These are a significant component, with a chemical profile that includes:
Eucalyptol (1,8-Cineole): Known for its anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties.
Linalool: Offers calming effects and is used for its anti-anxiety and sedative properties.
Methyl Eugenol: Has analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects.

Phenolic Compounds: These include:
Rosmarinic Acid: Exhibits strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.
Caffeic Acid: Provides antioxidant benefits and helps reduce oxidative stress.
Ursolic Acid: Known for its anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties.

Flavonoids:
Apigenin: Has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
Luteolin: Contributes to anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects.

Terpenes:
Caryophyllene: Provides anti-inflammatory and analgesic benefits.
Eugenol: Used for its antiseptic and analgesic properties.

How to Cultivate It

Climate: Prefers warm, tropical to subtropical climates. It thrives in temperatures ranging from 20-30°C (68-86°F). It is sensitive to frost and requires protection in cooler climates.
Soil: Best grown in well-drained, loamy soil with a pH between 6.0 and 7.0. It can tolerate sandy soils but not heavy clay.
Light: Requires full sun exposure for optimal growth, though it can tolerate partial shade.
Watering: Regular watering is essential, especially during dry periods. However, the soil should be well-drained to prevent root rot.
Propagation:
From Seeds: Sow seeds in spring, covering them lightly with soil. Maintain moisture until germination, which takes 1-2 weeks.
From Cuttings: Take 4-6 inch cuttings from the tip of healthy stems, remove lower leaves, and place in moist soil or water until roots develop.

Uses and Benefits

Medicinal Uses:
Adaptogen: Helps the body adapt to stress and maintains homeostasis.
Respiratory Health: Used to treat colds, coughs, and asthma due to its expectorant and anti-inflammatory properties.
Digestive Health: Aids digestion, alleviates bloating, and reduces gas.
Immunity Boost: Enhances immune function and has antimicrobial properties.

Aromatic Uses:
Aromatherapy: The essential oil is used to reduce stress, promote relaxation, and improve mental clarity.
Insect Repellent: Acts as a natural repellent for mosquitoes and other insects.

Culinary Uses:
Flavoring: Leaves are used to impart a distinctive flavor in teas, soups, and various dishes.
Herbal Teas: Used in traditional herbal teas for its calming effects and health benefits.

Applications

Traditional Medicine: Widely used in Ayurveda, Siddha, and other traditional practices for a variety of health issues.
Cosmetics: Added to skincare formulations for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties.
Household: Commonly grown as an ornamental plant and used in spiritual practices and rituals.

Environmental and Safety Considerations

Environmental Impact: Generally has a minimal negative impact on the environment. It is beneficial for pollinators and can enhance soil health through its leaf litter.
Safety:
General Safety: Considered safe when used in moderation. Excessive consumption or topical application may cause skin irritation or allergic reactions in sensitive individuals.
Interactions: May interact with certain medications, including anticoagulants and antidiabetic drugs. Consult a healthcare provider before use if on medication.

INCI Functions:


Skin conditioning agent. It is the mainstay of topical skin treatment as it has the function of restoring, increasing or improving skin tolerance to external factors, including melanocyte tolerance. The most important function of the conditioning agent is to prevent skin dehydration, but the subject is rather complex and involves emollients and humectants that can be added in the formulation.
Synonyms:

CAS: 91845-35-1 EC number 295-208-3