2- propenoic acid, homopolymer, sodium salt, sulfonated is Sodium polyachrylate sulfonated, a water-soluble, high molecular weight compound with high rigidity and viscosity in its aqueous solution.

The name describes the structure of the molecule:

• "2-propenoic acid" is most commonly known as acrylic acid. It is an organic compound with the formula CH₂ = CHCOOH and is the simplest unsaturated carboxylic acid, consisting of a vinyl group connected directly to a carboxylic acid terminal.
• "Homopolymer" refers to a polymer consisting of one type of monomer. In this case, the monomer is 2-propenoic acid.
• "Sodium salt" indicates that the hydrogen atom in the carboxylic acid group of 2-propenoic acid has been replaced with a sodium ion. This is a common way to make carboxylic acids more soluble in water.
• "Sulfonated" refers to the process of adding the sulfonate group to a molecule. Sulfonate (-SO3-) groups are typically added to improve the solubility of a compound in water.

Description of raw materials used in production

• 2-propenoic acid (acrylic acid) - A liquid monomer that can be polymerized to form poly(acrylic acid).
• Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) - Used to neutralize the poly(acrylic acid) and form its sodium salt.
• Sulfonating agents - Compounds like sulfur trioxide (SO₃) can be used for sulfonation.

The synthesis process takes place in several stages:

• Polymerization of 2- propenoic acid. In this phase, polymerization of 2- propenoic acid develops to form homopolymer. This is typically done using a free radical initiator, which begins the polymerization reaction.
• Formation of sodium salt. Reaction of carboxylic acid groups in the polymer with sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Sodium ions replace hydrogen ions in carboxylic acid groups, forming the polymer’s sodium salt.
• Sulfonation. The final step is the sulfonation of the polymer. Reaction of the polymer with sulfur trioxide (SO₃), which adds sulfonate groups to the polymer. Sulfonate groups improve the water solubility of the polymer, making it more useful in applications such as detergents and surfactants.

It is used in various fields as medicine, cosmetics and others.

Studies

Medicine

• In the present study, preventive effects of Sodium polyacrylate (PANa) on three kinds of esophageal lesions induced by gastric juice were examined in comparison with those of aceglutamide aluminium and sodium alginate. The influences of PANa on gastric contents were also studied. The preventive effect of PANa given intraesophageally on esophageal lesions induced by the intraesophageal application of gastric juice was more potent than aceglutamide aluminium and sodium alginate. Oral administration of PANa inhibited the formation of esophageal ulcer by pylorus ligation more markedly than aceglutamide aluminium, whereas sodium alginate had no effect in a high dose of 500 mg/kg. In preventing gastric ulcer which occurred simultaneously with the esophageal ulcer after the pylorus ligation, aceglutamide aluminium was most potent, and PANa was as potent as sodium alginate. Oral administration of PANa showed a more protective effect than aceglutamide aluminium on the esophageal ulceration induced by the simultaneous ligations of the pylorus and limiting ridge, whereas sodium alginate in a high dose of 500 mg/kg had little effect on the ulcer formation. PANa caused only a slight increase in the pH of gastric juice and a slight decrease in pepsin activity. From these results, it may be concluded that PANa showed an antiulcerogenic activity mainly due to its mucosa covering action against gastric juice (1).
• Available methods for postoperative adhesion prevention are insufficient. A previous study demonstrated that LM-200, a bioadhesive cellulose derivative was effective in reducing adhesions. Increasing the viscosity of a polymer solution enhances the tissue separating properties. Theoretically, a combination of sodium polyacrylate (PA) and LM-200 would give more viscous solutions than LM-200 alone, and thus be more efficacious. Therefore the efficacy of various combinations of LM-200 and PA was investigated. A lesion was created in the peritoneum of mice. The solutions to be tested, or saline, were given intraperitoneally. One week post-operatively, adhesion formation was quantified and expressed as a percentage of the original lesion covered with adhesions. PA (0.01 and 0.03 wt%) given separately did not differ in adhesion reducing effect from LM-200 (p = 0.3710 and 0.3481) but PA (0.1 wt%) resulted in significantly less adhesion formation (p = 0.0004). The effect of LM-200 increased significantly when adding PA (0.01 wt%) (p = 0.0007) or PA (0.03 wt%) (p < 0.0001). When adding PA (0.1 wt%) the effect was even more pronounced (p < 0.0001). The combination of a bioadhesive cellulose derivative and the polymer PA, was effective in reducing postoperative adhesion formation and a dose-dependent increase in efficacy was obtained compared to using the two components separately (2).

Industry

• Self-healing solid-state aqueous rechargeable NiCo||Zn batteries are inherently safe and have a high energy density and mechanical robustness. However, the self-healability of solid-state batteries has only been realized by a few studies in which electron/ion-inactive self-healable substrates are utilized. This arises from the lack of self-healable electrolytes. Now an intrinsically self-healing battery has been designed that utilizes a new electrolyte that is intrinsically self-healable. Sodium polyacrylate hydrogel chains are crosslinked by ferric ions to promote dynamic reconstruction of an integral network. These non-covalent crosslinkers can form ionic bonds to reconnect damaged surfaces when the hydrogel is cut off, providing an ultimate solution to the intrinsic self-healability problem of batteries. As a result, this NiCo||Zn battery with this hydrogel electrolyte can be autonomically self-healed with over 87 % of capacity retained after 4 cycles of breaking/healing. (3).

Cosmetics

In detergents, which has the function of thickener, it has the characteristic of binding to magnesium and calcium, favoring the action of surfactants.

Molecular formula: C₃H₃NaO₂

CAS: 95077-68-2

Synonyms :

• 2-Propenoic acid, sodium salt
• Acrylic acid polymer, sodium salt
• Acrylic acid, sodium salt
• carbomer
• carbopol
• HSDB 6087
• LS-145 553
• Polyco
• Sodium polyacrylate
• Sodium poly acrylate
• Polyacrylate sodium salt
• Polyacrylic acid, sodium salt

References__________________________________________________________________

(1) Nakamura K, Ozawa Y, Furuta Y, Miyazaki H. Effects of sodium polyacrylate (PANa) on acute esophagitis by gastric juice in rats. Jpn J Pharmacol. 1982 Jun;32(3):445-56. doi: 10.1254/jjp.32.445. PMID: 7109349.

Abstract. Sodium polyacrylate (PANa) is a water-soluble, high-molecular compound, and its aqueous solution shows a very high viscosity and stringiness. In the present study, preventive effects of PANa on three kinds of esophageal lesions induced by gastric juice were examined in comparison with those of aceglutamide aluminum and sodium alginate. The influences of PANa on gastric contents were also studied. The preventive effect of PANa given intraesophageally on esophageal lesions induced by the intraesophageal application of gastric juice was more potent than aceglutamide aluminum and sodium alginate. Oral administration of PANa inhibited the formation of esophageal ulcer by pylorus ligation more markedly than aceglutamide aluminum, whereas sodium alginate had no effect in a high dose of 500 mg/kg. In preventing gastric ulcer which occurred simultaneously with the esophageal ulcer after the pylorus ligation, aceglutamide aluminum was most potent, and PANa was as potent as sodium alginate. Oral administration of PANa showed a more protective effect than aceglutamide aluminum on the esophageal ulceration induced by the simultaneous ligations of the pylorus and limiting ridge, whereas sodium alginate in a high dose of 500 mg/kg had little effect on the ulcer formation. PANa caused only a slight increase in the pH of gastric juice and a slight decrease in pepsin activity. From the results, it may be concluded that PANa showed an antiulcerogenic activity mainly due to its mucosa covering action against gastric juice.

(2) Falk K, Lindman B, Bengmark S, Larsson K, Holmdahl L. Sodium polyacrylate potentiates the anti-adhesion effect of a cellulose-derived polymer. Biomaterials. 2001 Aug;22(16):2185-90. doi: 10.1016/s0142-9612(00)00360-4. 

Abstract. Available methods for postoperative adhesion prevention are insufficient. A previous study demonstrated that LM-200, a bioadhesive cellulose derivative was effective in reducing adhesions. Increasing the viscosity of a polymer solution enhances the tissue separating properties. Theoretically, a combination of sodium polyacrylate (PA) and LM-200 would give more viscous solutions than LM-200 alone, and thus be more efficacious. Therefore the efficacy of various combinations of LM-200 and PA was investigated. A lesion was created in the peritoneum of mice. The solutions to be tested, or saline, were given intraperitoneally. One week post-operatively, adhesion formation was quantified and expressed as a percentage of the original lesion covered with adhesions. PA (0.01 and 0.03 wt%) given separately did not differ in adhesion reducing effect from LM-200 (p = 0.3710 and 0.3481) but PA (0.1 wt%) resulted in significantly less adhesion formation (p = 0.0004). The effect of LM-200 increased significantly when adding PA (0.01 wt%) (p = 0.0007) or PA (0.03 wt%) (p < 0.0001). When adding PA (0.1 wt%) the effect was even more pronounced (p < 0.0001). The combination of a bioadhesive cellulose derivative and the polymer PA, was effective in reducing postoperative adhesion formation and a dose-dependent increase in efficacy was obtained compared to using the two components separately.

(3) Huang Y, Liu J, Wang J, Hu M, Mo F, Liang G, Zhi C. An Intrinsically Self-Healing NiCo||Zn Rechargeable Battery with a Self-Healable Ferric-Ion-Crosslinking Sodium Polyacrylate Hydrogel Electrolyte.  Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2018 Jul 26;57(31):9810-9813. doi: 10.1002/anie.201805618.