Recensione

 Bibliografia_______________________________________________________________________

(1) Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Information supplied to FDA by industry as part of the VCRP FDA database.
2014. Washington, D.C.: FDA.

Lee HR, Kwon SY, Choi SA, Lee JH, Lee HS, Park JB. Valorization of Soy Lecithin by Enzyme Cascade Reactions Including a Phospholipase A2, a Fatty Acid Double-Bond Hydratase, and/or a Photoactivated Decarboxylase. J Agric Food Chem. 2022 Sep 7;70(35):10818-10825. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c04012.

Abstract. A huge amount of phospholipids or lecithin is produced as a byproduct in the vegetable oil industry. However, most are just used as a feed additive. This study has focused on enzymatic valorization of lecithin. This was exploited by enzymatic transformation of soy lecithin into lysolecithin liposomes, including functional free fatty acids, hydroxy fatty acids, hydrocarbons, or secondary fatty alcohols. One of the representative examples was the preparation of lysolecithin liposomes containing secondary fatty alcohols [e.g., 9-Hydroxyheptadec-11-ene (9) and 9-heptadecanol (10)] by using a phospholipase A2 from Streptomyces violaceoruber, a fatty acid double-bond hydratase from Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, and a photoactivated decarboxylase from Chlorella variabilis NC64A. The engineered liposomes turned out to range ca. 144 nm in diameter by dynamic light scattering analysis. Thereby, this study will contribute to application of functional fatty acids and their derivatives as well as valorization of lecithin for the food and cosmetic industries.

Cheng WJ, Yang HT, Chiang CC, Lai KH, Chen YL, Shih HL, Kuo JJ, Hwang TL, Lin CC. Deer Velvet Antler Extracts Exert Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Arthritic Effects on Human Rheumatoid Arthritis Fibroblast-Like Synoviocytes and Distinct Mouse Arthritis. Am J Chin Med. 2022;50(6):1617-1643. doi: 10.1142/S0192415X22500689. 

Abstract. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease that causes joint deformity and disability. Deer velvet antler (DA), a traditional Chinese medicine, has been used to treat various types of arthritis for several thousands of years, but the underlying mechanisms are unknown. Herein, we investigated the anti-arthritic and anti-inflammatory effects of DA in vitro and in vivo. The ethyl acetate layer of DA ethanol extract (DA-EE-EA) was used to treat tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-[Formula: see text]-stimulated fibroblast-like synoviocyte MH7A cells, collagen-induced arthritis DBA/1 mice, and SKG mice with zymosan-induced arthritis. DA-EE-EA reduced nitric oxide production, prostaglandin E2 levels, and levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL)-1[Formula: see text], IL-6, and IL-8 in MH7A cells. DA-EE-EA also downregulated the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase p38 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase and the translocation of nuclear factor kappa B p65. Intraperitoneal injection of DA-EE-EA for 3 weeks substantially reduced clinical arthritis scores in vivo models. Pathohistological images of the hind paws showed that DA-EE-EA reduced immune cell infiltration, synovial hyperplasia, and cartilage damage. The levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor alpha, IL-1[Formula: see text], IL-6, IL-8, IL-17A, and interferon-gamma, decreased in the hind paw homogenates of DA-EE-EA-treated mice. We also identified several potential components, such as hexadecanamide, oleamide, erucamide, and lysophosphatidylcholines, that might contribute to the anti-inflammatory effects of DA-EE-EA. In conclusion, DA-EE-EA has the potential to treat RA by regulating inflammatory responses. However, the individual components of DA-EE-EA and the underlying anti-inflammatory mechanisms need further investigation in future studies.