Piridossale-5-fosfato (P5P), noto anche come forma coenzimatica della vitamina B₆, è la forma attiva della vitamina B6 nel corpo. È essenziale per numerosi processi metabolici, inclusi il metabolismo degli amminoacidi, la sintesi dei neurotrasmettitori e la produzione di energia. 

Principali utilizzi e benefici

Metabolismo. Il P5P svolge un ruolo cruciale nel metabolismo degli amminoacidi, essenziale per la sintesi proteica e per il mantenimento dell'equilibrio azotato nel corpo.

Neurotrasmettitori. È fondamentale per la sintesi di importanti neurotrasmettitori (1), come la serotonina, la noradrenalina e il GABA, contribuendo alla regolazione dell'umore, del sonno e delle funzioni cognitive.

Emoglobina. Il P5P aiuta nella sintesi dell'emoglobina (2), la proteina nei globuli rossi che trasporta ossigeno nel corpo, supportando così la salute del sangue.

Sistema Immunitario. Supporta il sistema immunitario regolando la produzione di anticorpi e mantenendo la funzione linfocitaria (3).

Infiammazione. Ha dimostrato di contribuire alla riduzione dell'infiammazione nel corpo (4), potenzialmente beneficiando condizioni come l'artrite.

Integratori Alimentari. Spesso usato in integratori alimentari per garantire un'adeguata assunzione di vitamina B₆, soprattutto per coloro che potrebbero avere difficoltà a convertire la vitamina B₆ inattiva in P5P nel corpo.

Il piridossale-5-fosfato è una forma essenziale e biologicamente attiva della vitamina B₆, che offre una vasta gamma di benefici per la salute, dalla funzione cerebrale al metabolismo energetico, rendendolo un componente chiave di una dieta sana e di regimi di integrazione.

Processo industriale di sintesi chimica

• Sintesi chimica della piridossina (Vitamina B₆) come precursore. Questo composto può essere ottenuto attraverso processi fermentativi che utilizzano ceppi microbici specifici o per sintesi chimica.
• Fosforilazione. La piridossina viene poi convertita nella sua forma attiva, il piridossal-5-fosfato, attraverso una reazione di fosforilazione. Questo processo richiede l'uso di un agente fosforilante e condizioni di reazione controllate per garantire l'efficienza della conversione.
• Purificazione. Il prodotto grezzo di P5P viene purificato per rimuovere impurità e sottoprodotti della reazione. La purificazione può includere tecniche come la cromatografia a scambio ionico, la cristallizzazione o la filtrazione.
• Controllo Qualità. Il P5P purificato è sottoposto a rigorosi controlli di qualità per verificare la sua purezza, la composizione chimica e l'assenza di impurità. Questi test possono includere analisi spettroscopiche, cromatografiche e test di attività enzimatica.
• Formulazione. Il P5P può essere formulato in varie forme per l'uso in integratori alimentari, come capsule, compresse o polveri, a seconda delle esigenze specifiche del prodotto finale.

Si presenta in forma di polvere bianca

Molecular Formula  C₈H₁₀NO₆P

Molecular Weight    247.14 g/mol

CAS  54-47-7

UNII    F06SGE49M6

EC Number    200-208-3

DTXSID4048351

Synonyms

• Codecarboxylase
• pyridoxal 5'-phosphate
• pyridoxal 5-phosphate
• pyridoxal phosphate

Bibliografia_____________________________________________________________________

(1) Adelufosi AO, Abayomi O, Ojo TM. Pyridoxal 5 phosphate for neuroleptic-induced tardive dyskinesia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Apr 13;(4):CD010501. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD010501.pub2. PMID: 25866243.

Abstract. Background: Tardive dyskinesia is a chronic and disabling abnormal movement disorder affecting the muscles of the face, neck, tongue and the limbs. It is a common side effect of long-term antipsychotic medication use in individuals with schizophrenia and other related psychotic disorders. While there are no known effective treatments for tardive dyskinesia to date, some reports suggest that pyridoxal 5 phosphate may be effective in reducing the severity of tardive dyskinesia symptoms....Authors' conclusions: Pyridoxal 5 phosphate may have some benefits in reducing the severity of tardive dyskinesia symptoms among individuals with schizophrenia. However, the quality of evidence supporting the effectiveness of pyridoxal 5 phosphate in treating tardive dyskinesia is low, based on few studies, short follow-up periods, small sample sizes and inadequate adherence to standardised reporting guidelines for randomised controlled trials among the included studies.

(2) Kark JA, Bongiovanni R, Hicks CU, Tarassoff PG, Hannah JS, Yoshida GY. Modification of intracellular hemoglobin with pyridoxal and pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. Blood Cells. 1982;8(2):299-314. PMID: 7159754.

Abstract. The aldehyde forms of vitamin B6, pyridoxal and pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) have aroused interest as antisickling agents because of their ability to modify hemoglobin (Hb) and their low toxicity. To study their rate of formation and stability inside red cells, pyridoxal-Hb and PLP-Hb were measured in lysates from treated normal and sickle erythrocytes using isocratic high pressure liquid chromatography on Bio-Rex 70. The validity of this assay was confirmed by isoelectric focussing, fluorescence scans of reduced globin, and treatment of cells with pyridoxal 14C. Optimal conditions were described for treatment of whole blood with pyridoxal and washed erythrocytes with PLP. Although there was competition between 2,3-DPG and PLP, but not pyridoxal, for binding to Hb, depletion of 2,3-DPG prior to treatment was unnecessary. No special requirements were noted for the anticoagulants or buffers used. Sickle erythrocytes formed PLP-Hb more rapidly than normal erythrocytes, but pyridoxal-Hb appeared at the same rate in both types of erythrocytes. During incubation of treated erythrocytes in untreated plasma, the stability of pyridoxal-Hb varied inversely with the hematocrit, but PLP-Hb was stable at all hematocrits tested. The absence of hemolysis during a 4 day incubation of treated normal red cells implies that treatment with pyridoxal or PLP did not severely impair red cell metabolism.

(3) Huang YC, Chang HH, Huang SC, Cheng CH, Lee BJ, Cheng SY, Su KH. Plasma pyridoxal 5'-phosphate is a significant indicator of immune responses in the mechanically ventilated critically ill. Nutrition. 2005 Jul-Aug;21(7-8):779-85. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2004.11.013. PMID: 15975484.

Abstract. Objectives: This study assessed the effect of vitamin B6 status on immune responses in mechanically ventilated, critically ill patients and compared the results with those of healthy controls.....Conclusions: Plasma PLP is a significant indicator of immune responses in human subjects. Further research is warranted to study whether vitamin B6 supplementation in critically ill patients improves their immune responses.

(4) Sakakeeny L, Roubenoff R, Obin M, Fontes JD, Benjamin EJ, Bujanover Y, Jacques PF, Selhub J. Plasma pyridoxal-5-phosphate is inversely associated with systemic markers of inflammation in a population of U.S. adults. J Nutr. 2012 Jul;142(7):1280-5. doi: 10.3945/jn.111.153056. 

Abstract. Low vitamin B-6 status, based on plasma concentrations of pyridoxal-5-phosphate (PLP), has been identified in inflammatory diseases, including cardiovascular disease, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and diabetes. Our objective was to examine the association between plasma PLP and multiple markers of inflammation in a community-based cohort [n = 2229 participants (55% women, mean age 61 ± 9 y)]. We created an overall inflammation score (IS) as the sum of standardized values of 13 individual inflammatory markers. Multivariable-adjusted regression analysis was used to assess the associations between the IS and plasma PLP. Geometric mean plasma PLP concentrations were lower in the highest tertile category of IS relative to the lowest (61 vs. 80 nmol/L; P-trend < 0.0001). Similarly, the prevalence of PLP insufficiency was significantly higher for participants in the highest compared with the lowest tertiles for IS categories. These relationships persisted after accounting for vitamin B-6 intake. Also, there were significant inverse relationships between plasma PLP and 4 IS based on functionally related markers, including acute phase reactants, cytokines, adhesion molecules, and oxidative stress. In addition, secondary analyses revealed that many of the individual inflammatory markers were inversely associated with plasma PLP after adjusting for plasma C-reactive protein concentration. This study, in combination with past findings, further supports our hypothesis that inflammation is associated with a functional deficiency of vitamin B-6. We discuss 2 possible roles for PLP in the inflammatory process, including tryptophan metabolism and serine hydroxymethyltransferase activity.