FD&C Red No. 40 è un composto chimico, un colorante, derivato azoico, idrosolubile (Autorizzazione FDA nel 1971) conosciuto in Europa come E129 o Rosso Allura.
Materie prime utilizzate nella produzione.
- Le materie prime utilizzate nella sintesi di Allura Red AC sono tipicamente naftalensulfonato, anidride ftalica e acido benzenesulfonico, tra gli altri.
Riassunto passo-passo del processo di produzione industriale.
- Preparazione delle materie prime. Le materie prime vengono preparate e purificate per essere utilizzate nella reazione di sintesi.
- Reazione di Sintesi. Le materie prime reagiscono in un ambiente controllato per formare il colorante Allura Red AC.
- Purificazione. Il colorante grezzo viene purificato attraverso vari passaggi per rimuovere impurità e altri componenti non desiderati.
- Secco e Granulazione. Il colorante viene poi seccato e trasformato in una forma granulare per facilitare l'uso e il trasporto.
Forma e colore. FD&C Red No. 40 è un polvere cristallina, solubile in acqua, con una colorazione che varia dal rosso all'arancione.
Applicazioni commerciali.
Viene utilizzato in vari prodotti alimentari, farmaceutici e cosmetici per dare una colorazione rosso-arancio.
Industria Alimentare. Usato ampiamente per colorare cibi e bevande, fornendo una tonalità rossa distintiva.
Cosmetici e Prodotti per la Cura Personale. Applicato in vari prodotti come rossetti e shampoo per offrire colori vivaci e accattivanti.
Farmaceutica. Utilizzato per colorare sciroppi, compresse e capsule per una differenziazione facile e per ragioni estetiche.
Ha moltissimi sinonimi, tra i quali il più comune è Red 40 o Allura Red AC e, nella lista dei coloranti, CI 16035.
Sicurezza
La FDA (Food and Drug Administration) degli Stati Uniti ha approvato l'uso del Red No. 40 e lo considera generalmente sicuro quando utilizzato secondo le direttive.
Il problema legato ai coloranti azoici (monoazo o diazo) è la degradazione fotocatalitica (1) che porta ad un'eventuale ossidazione ed alla successiva formazione di impurità come le ammine aromatiche alcune delle quali svolgono attività cancerogena.
Rosso allura studi
Rosso allura bibliografia
- Formula molecolare: C18H14N2Na2O8S2
- Peso molecolare: 496.416 g/mol
- UNII: WZB9127XOA
- CAS: 25956-17-6 64553-31-7 66813-73-8
- EC Number: 247-368-0
- PubChem Substance ID 329755751
- MDL number MFCD00059526
- Colour Index Number 16035
Sinonimi:
- Allura Red
- Allura red AC dye
- C.I. Food Red 17
- Food red 17
- Japan Food Red No. 40
- FD and C Red No. 40
- FD & C Red no. 40
- CCRIS 3493
- CI 16035
- HSDB 7260
- E129
- CI 16035
- Food Red No. 40
- FD&C Red No. 40
- Curry red
- Fancy Red
- Allura Red 40
- FDC Red 40
- Red No. 40
- FDC Red 40 dye
- Food Red No. 17
- AC1O1BOF
- DSSTox_CID_4436
- FD and C Red No.40
- EC 247-368-0
- DSSTox_RID_77395
- DSSTox_GSID_24436
- Sodium 6-hydroxy-5-((2-methoxy-5-methyl-4-sulfonatophenyl)diazenyl)naphthalene-2-sulfonate
- 6-Hydroxy-5-[2-(2-methoxy-5-methyl-4-sulfophenyl)diazenyl]-2-naphthalenesulfonic Acid Sodium Salt
- disodium (5E)-5-[(2-methoxy-5-methyl-4-sulfonatophenyl)hydrazinylidene]-6-oxonaphthalene-2-sulfonate
- 6-Hydroxy-5-[(6-methoxy-4-sulfo-m-tolyl)azo]-2-naphthalenesulfonic Acid Disodium Salt
- disodium (5Z)-5-[(2-methoxy-5-methyl-4-sulfonatophenyl)hydrazinylidene]-6-oxonaphthalene-2-sulfonate
- disodium;(5Z)-5-[(2-methoxy-5-methyl-4-sulfonatophenyl)hydrazinylidene]-6-oxonaphthalene-2-sulfonate
- disodium;6-hydroxy-5-[(E)-(2-methoxy-5-methyl-4-sulfonatophenyl)diazenyl]naphthalene-2-sulfonate
- 2-Naphthalenesulfonic acid, 6-hydroxy-5-((2-methoxy-5-methyl-4-sulfophenyl)azo)-, disodium salt
- Disodium 6-hydroxy-5-((6-methoxy-4-sulfo-m-tolyl)azo)-2-naphthalenesulfonate
- 2-Naphthalenesulfonic acid, 6-hydroxy-5-((6-methoxy-4-sulfo-m-tolyl)azo)-, disodium salt
- Disodium 6-hydroxy-5-((2-methoxy-5-methyl-4-sulfophenyl)azo)-2-naphthalenesulfonate
- Disodium 6-hydroxy-5-((2-methoxy-4-sulphonato-m-tolyl)azo)naphthalene-2-sulphonate
- 2-Naphthalenesulfonic acid, 6-hydroxy-5-(2-(2-methoxy-5-methyl-4-sulfophenyl)diazenyl)-, sodium salt (1:2)
- 2-Naphthalenesulfonic acid, 6-hydroxy-5-[2-(2-methoxy-5-methyl-4-sulfophenyl)diazenyl]-, sodium salt (1:2)
- disodium 6-hydroxy-5-[(E)-(2-methoxy-5-methyl-4-sulfonatophenyl)diazenyl]naphthalene-2-sulfonate
- SCHEMBL324089
- SCHEMBL340786
- C18H14N2Na2O8S2
- CHEMBL3188816
- DTXSID4024436
- Disodium 6-hydroxy-5-((2-methoxy-5-methyl-4-sulfophenyl)azo)-2-naphthalene- sulfonate
- Disodium 6-hydroxy-5-[(2-methoxy-5-methyl-4-sulfophenyl)azo]-2-naphthalenesulfonate
- 2-Naphthalenesulfonic acid, 6-hydroxy-5-[(2-methoxy-5-methyl-4-sulfophenyl)azo]-, disodium salt
- 6-Hydroxy-5-((2-methoxy-5-methyl-4-sulfophenyl)azo)-2-naphthalene- sulfonic acid, disodium salt
Bibliografia_____________________________________________________________________________
(1) Li M, He W, Liu Y, Wu H, Wamer WG, Lo YM, Yin JJ. FD&C Yellow No. 5 (tartrazine) degradation via reactive oxygen species triggered by TiO2 and Au/TiO2 nanoparticles exposed to simulated sunlight. J Agric Food Chem. 2014 Dec 10;62(49):12052-60. doi: 10.1021/jf5045052. Epub 2014 Nov 24. PMID: 25393426.
Abstract. When exposed to light, TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) become photoactivated and create electron/hole pairs as well as reactive oxygen species (ROS). We examined the ROS production and degradation of a widely used azo dye, FD&C Yellow No. 5 (tartrazine), triggered by photoactivated TiO2 NPs. Degradation was found to follow pseudo-first order reaction kinetics where the rate constant increased with TiO2 NP concentration. Depositing Au on the surface of TiO2 largely enhanced electron transfer and ROS generation, which consequently accelerated dye degradation. Alkaline conditions promoted ROS generation and dye degradation. Results from electron spin resonance spin-trap spectroscopy suggested that at pH 7.4, both hydroxyl radical (•OH) and singlet oxygen ((1)O2) were responsible for dye discoloration, whereas at pH 5, the consumption of (1)O2 became dominant. Implications for dye degradation in foods and other consumer products that contain both TiO2 and FD&C Yellow No. 5 as ingredients are discussed.
(2) Belai N, White SR. Determination of Unsulfonated Aromatic Amines in FD&C Yellow No. 5 and FD&C Yellow No. 6 by Liquid Chromatography-Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry. J AOAC Int. 2019 Mar 1;102(2):580-589. doi: 10.5740/jaoacint.18-0165.
Abstract. Background: This paper describes a simple and sensitive ultra-HPLC-triple quadrupole MS (LC-MS/MS) method for the determination of six unsulfonated aromatic amines in the color additives FD&C Yellow No. 5 (Y5) and FD&C Yellow No. 6 (Y6). The six amines determined by this method are aniline (ANL), benzidine (BNZ), 4-aminobiphenyl (4ABP), 4-aminoazobenzene (4AAB), 2-aminobiphenyl (2ABP), and 4-aminobenzonitrile (4ABN). Objective: This method is intended for use in batch certification of the color additives by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to ensure that each lot meets published specifications for coloring foods, drugs, and cosmetics. Methods: A modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) procedure is used for extraction of the amines. Quantitative determination was performed in electrospray positive ionization and multiple-reaction monitoring modes. Results: Validation of the method demonstrated overall recovery of 101-115% and precision of 1.74-9.78% for all analytes. Excellent regression coefficients were obtained, with values >0.999. Conclusions: The validated method was successfully used for the analyses of 30 Y5 and Y6 samples and provided results that are consistent with results from the current method used by FDA, with greater sensitivity and low matrix effects. Highlights: The validation results demonstrate that the new LC-MS/MS method is applicable for use in routine batch certification.