Compendium of the most significant studies with reference to properties, intake, effects.

Prakash J, Arora NK. Phosphate-solubilizing Bacillus sp. enhances growth, phosphorus uptake and oil yield of Mentha arvensis L. 3 Biotech. 2019 Apr;9(4):126. doi: 10.1007/s13205-019-1660-5..

Abstract. In the present study, phosphate solubilizing rhizobacterial isolate STJP from the rhizosphere of Stevia rebaudiana was identified as a Bacillus sp. on the basis of phenotypic, biochemical, and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. In addition to phosphate solubilization ability, isolate Bacillus sp. STJP produced a significant quantity of siderophore (16.06 µg/ml) and indole 3-acetic acid (30.59 µg/ml). In the greenhouse experiment, treatment with STJP along with tricalcium phosphate (TCP²⁰⁰) showed significant increase in the plant growth parameters, oil yield and P uptake in M. arvensis as compared to the control plants. Amongst all the treatments, highest oil yield and menthol content were observed when treated with Bacillus sp. STJP + TCP²⁰⁰. Hence, an integrated approach of using Bacillus sp. STJP along with TCP can be used to increase the production of menthol and oil yield of M. arvensis. This approach of using fertilizer along with phosphate solubilizing Bacillus sp. worked very well and was more effective in comparison with individual treatment of fertilizer or plant growth promoting rhizobacteria. A combined use of efficient phosphate solubilising bacteria loaded with plant growth promoting characters along with TCP can thus be far effective way for enhancing the yield of crops in a sustainable manner.

Heydari M, Zanfardino A, Taleei A, Bushehri AAS, Hadian J, Maresca V, Sorbo S, Napoli MD, Varcamonti M, Basile A, Rigano D. Effect of Heat Stress on Yield, Monoterpene Content and Antibacterial Activity of Essential Oils of Mentha x piperita var. Mitcham and Mentha arvensis var. piperascens. Molecules. 2018 Jul 30;23(8):1903. doi: 10.3390/molecules23081903. 

Abstract. Heat stress affects the yield of medicinal plants and can reduce biomass and/or metabolite production. In order to evaluate the effect of heat-induced stress on the essential oil production in Mentha x piperita L. var. Mitcham (Mitcham mint) and Mentha arvensis var. piperascens Malinv. ex L. H. Bailey (Japanese mint), we studied the chemical composition of the oils of the two mint species under different heat shock stresses in growth chambers. The antibacterial activity of the essential oils was also evaluated; microscopic observation (fluorescence and electron transmission) was used to assess the effect of the tested samples on bacterial growth. The results obtained shed light on the mint essential oils composition and biological activity in relation to heat stress.

Kim SY, Han SD, Kim M, Mony TJ, Lee ES, Kim KM, Choi SH, Hong SH, Choi JW, Park SJ. Mentha arvensis Essential Oil Exerts Anti-Inflammatory in LPS-Stimulated Inflammatory Responses via Inhibition of ERK/NF-κB Signaling Pathway and Anti-Atopic Dermatitis-like Effects in 2,4-Dinitrochlorobezene-Induced BALB/c Mice. Antioxidants (Basel). 2021 Dec 3;10(12):1941. doi: 10.3390/antiox10121941. 

Abstract. The mechanism of atopic dermatitis (AD) is modulated by the release of cytokines and chemokines through the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway. Topical steroids are used to treat AD, but some people need safer anti-inflammatory drugs to avoid side effects. Mentha arvensis has been used as a herbal plant with medicinal properties, but its anti-inflammatory effects have not been elucidated in an AD model. In this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of M. arvensis essential oil (MAEO) and its underlying molecular mechanism in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages and HaCaT cells (human epidermal keratinocyte). Additionally, we examined the ameliorating effects of the MAEO in a dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)-induced murine model of AD. We found, in both RAW 264.7 cells and HaCaT cells, MAEO inhibited LPS-stimulated inflammatory mediators such as nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 and proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β and IL-6, due to the suppression of COX-2 and iNOS expression. In LPS-stimulated macrophages, we also observed that MAEO inhibited the phosphorylation of ERK and P65. Furthermore, MAEO treatment attenuated AD symptoms, including the dermatitis score, ear thickness, epidermal thickness and infiltration of mast cells, in a DNCB-induced animal model of AD. Overall, our findings suggest that MAEO exerts anti-inflammatory and anti-atopic dermatitis effects via inhibition of the ERK/NF-κB signaling pathway.

Shelepova OV, Semenova MV, Enina OL, Schanzer IA. Genetic, phenotypic, and phytochemical polymorphism in Eastern European populations of Mentha arvensis L.  Genetika. 2017 Jan;53(1):54-62.

Abstract. Variability of M. arvensis from five geographically distanced populations was examined using morphological traits and phytochemical composition of essential oil and with the help of DNA fingerprinting using ISSR markers. The population differentiation based on morphological traits was weak. Analysis of the essential oil composition provided the subdivision of the sample into three groups and, on the basis of the composition of ISSR amplicons, into four groups of specimens. A high degree of genetic polymorphism of M. arvensis and substantial, though incomplete, population differentiation were identified. It was demonstrated that the population of M. arvensis from the Komi Republic was the most genetically isolated, while the populations from Moscow and Penza provinces were weakly differentiated from each other. The population from the Republic of Belarus (near Grodno) was genetically and phytochemically considerably different from the other studied populations, although morphologically indistinguishable from them. We argue that the differentiation was caused not only by the isolation by distance but also owing to the formation of three different ecotypes adapted to different climatic conditions.

Tian W, Akanda MR, Islam A, Yang HD, Lee SC, Lee JH, Kim SK, Choi YJ, Im SY, Park BY. The Anti-Stress Effect of Mentha arvensis in Immobilized Rats. Int J Mol Sci. 2018 Jan 25;19(2):355. doi: 10.3390/ijms19020355.

Abstract. Stress can lead to inflammation, accelerated aging, and some chronic diseases condition. Mentha arvensis (MA) is a traditional medicine having antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. The present study investigated the anti-stress role of MA and fermented MA (FMA) extract in immobilized rats. We studied the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in RAW 264.7 cells and rats were immobilized for 2 h per day for 14 days using a restraining cage. MA (100 mg/kg) and FMA (100 mg/kg) were orally administered to rats 1 h prior to immobilization. Using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis, we determined the rosmarinic acid content of MA and FMA. The generation of malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) in RAW 246.7 cells were suppressed by both MA and FMA. In rats, MA and FMA notably improved the body weight, daily food intake, and duodenum histology. MDA and NO level were gradually decreased by MA and FMA treatment. MA and FMA significantly controlled the stress-related hormones by decreasing corticosterone and β-endorphin and increasing serotonin level. Moreover, protein expression levels of mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPK) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) were markedly downregulated by MA and FMA. Taken together, MA and FMA could ameliorate immobilized-stress by reducing oxidative stress, regulating stress-related hormones, and MAPK/COX-2 signaling pathways in rats. Particularly, FMA has shown greater anti-stress activities than MA.

Manh HD, Tuyet OT. Larvicidal and Repellent Activity of Mentha arvensis L. Essential Oil against Aedes aegypti. Insects. 2020 Mar 22;11(3):198. doi: 10.3390/insects11030198.

Abstract. Dengue is one of the most dangerous vector-borne diseases transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes. The use of mosquito repellents to protect human hosts and insecticides to reduce the mosquito population is a crucial strategy to prevent the disease. Here, we reported larvicidal and repellent activities of Mentha arvensis L. essential oil against Aedes aegypti, the main vector of the disease. The essential oil was extracted by hydro-distillation from the aromatic plant grown in Vietnam. The yield was 0.67% based on the weight of fresh leaves. The essential oil was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The main components were menthol (66.04%), menthyl acetate (22.19%), menthone (2.51%), and limonene (2.04%). Toxicity test on Aedes aegypti larvae showed that the median lethal concentrations, LC50 and LC90 were 78.1 ppm (part per million) and 125.7 ppm, respectively. Besides, the essential oil showed excellent repellency on Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. At 25%, 50%, and 100% concentration, the respective complete protection times (CPTs) were 45 min, 90 min, and 165 min. When adding 5% vanillin to the essential oil (25%), the complete protection time of the essential oil increased up to 120 min. In conclusion, the EO from Mentha arvensis L. has been shown to be a promising natural larvicide and repellent against Aedes aegypti mosquitoes.

Makkar MK, Sharma S, Kaur H. Evaluation of Mentha arvensis essential oil and its major constituents for fungitoxicity. J Food Sci Technol. 2018 Sep;55(9):3840-3844. doi: 10.1007/s13197-018-3291-y. 

Abstract. Essential oil and major constituents of menthe were evaluated for fungicidal activities. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) of essential oil from leaves of Mentha arvensis cv. CIM-Saryu revealed that menthol was found in highest amount (77.94%) followed by isomenthone (5.24%), neomenthyl acetate (5.18%) and menthone (5.00%). Menthol and menthone were extracted from the essential oil by column chromatography. Essential oil, menthol and menthone were screened for their fungicidal activity against Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium moniliforme. Menthol was highly effective as compared to essential oil as well as menthone. All of them exhibited less activity than standard bavistin at all the tested concentrations.

Kalemba D, Synowiec A. Agrobiological Interactions of Essential Oils of Two Menthol Mints: Mentha piperita and Mentha arvensis. Molecules. 2019 Dec 23;25(1):59. doi: 10.3390/molecules25010059. 

Abstract. This review article discusses the active constituents and potential of two menthol mint oils, Mentha piperita (MPEO) and Mentha arvensis (MAEO), as natural sources for botanical pesticides. The biological activities of these menthol mint oils, which can be useful in agriculture, have been broadly researched, especially toward phytotoxic microorganisms. To a lesser extent, the insecticidal and herbicidal activities of mint EOs have also been studied. It is apparent that the prospect of using menthol mint oils in agriculture is increasing in popularity. A number of investigations showed that the in vitro efficacy of MPEO and MAEO, as well as that of their main constituent, menthol, is pronounced. The results of in vitro research are useful for choosing EOs for further investigations. However, it is clear that in situ experiments are crucial and should be more extensively developed. At the same time, known techniques are to be applied to this area and new methods should be worked out, aiming at the improvement of EOs' pesticidal efficacy and cost-effectiveness, for future implementation in agricultural pest control.

Shin TY. Inhibition of immunologic and nonimmunologic stimulation-mediated anaphylactic reactions by the aqueous extract of Mentha arvensis. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol. 2003 May;25(2):273-83. doi: 10.1081/iph-120020475. 

Abstract. The effect of aqueous extract of Mentha arvensis L. var. piperascens Malinv. (Labiatae) (MAAE) on immunologic and nonimmunologic stimulation-mediated anaphylactic reactions was studied. Nonimmunologic anaphylactic reaction was induced by compound 48/80 injection. MAAE (0.005 to 0.5 g/kg) inhibited systemic anaphylactic reaction induced by compound 48/80. Immunologic anaphylactic reaction was generated by sensitizing the skin with anti-dinitrophenyl (DNP) IgE followed 48 h later with an injection of antigen. MAAE (0.001 to 1 g/kg) dose-dependently inhibited passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) when intraperitoneally, intraveneously and orally administered. MAAE (0.001 to 1 mg/ml) dose-dependently inhibited the histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells (RPMC) activated by compound 48/80 or anti-DNP IgE. Moreover, MAAE (0.1 mg/ml) had a significant inhibitory effect on anti-DNP IgE-mediated tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) production. These results indicate that MAAE inhibits immunologic and nonimmunologic stimulation-mediated anaphylactic reactions and TNF-alpha production from RPMC.

Scartazzini L, Tosati JV, Cortez DHC, Rossi MJ, Flôres SH, Hubinger MD, Di Luccio M, Monteiro AR. Gelatin edible coatings with mint essential oil (Mentha arvensis): film characterization and antifungal properties. J Food Sci Technol. 2019 Sep;56(9):4045-4056. doi: 10.1007/s13197-019-03873-9.

Abstract. In this work, mint essential oil (MEO) was added into gelatin films and antifungal activity was evaluated. Five concentrations of MEO (0, 0.06, 0.13, 0.25, 0.38, 0.50% (g/g gelatin)) were incorporated into gelatin solutions. The films were prepared by casting and characterized for their barrier properties, mechanical resistance, morphology, thermal and antifungal activity. The addition of oil into the solution slightly improved water vapor barrier, increased thickness and opacity, decreased transparency and modified thermal and mechanical properties of films. With addition of oil above 0.38%, the films were effective against the growth of Botrytis cinerea and Rhizopus stolonifer, indicating an inhibitory activity. Thus, gelatin-based edible films incorporated with MEO showed to be an effective way to inhibit microbial growth on the film surface.

Mentha arvensis (Lamiaceae) corn mint

Mentha arvensis, commonly known as cornmint or corn mint, is a perennial herb of the family Lamiaceae and one of the most widespread wild mint species across temperate Eurasia. It typically exhibits a stoloniferous, spreading growth habit, with square, erect to ascending stems that usually reach 20–60 cm in height. The leaves are opposite, ovate to elliptic, finely toothed and rich in glandular trichomes from which the characteristic fresh, penetrating mint aroma is released when crushed. During summer, the plant produces dense whorls of small flowers (verticillasters), usually pale pink, lilac or whitish, which are highly attractive to pollinating insects.

From an ecological perspective, Mentha arvensis favours moist to semi-moist habitats such as damp meadows, field margins, irrigation canals, stream banks and periodically flooded soils. At the same time, it shows considerable ecological plasticity, being able to establish on moderately clayey, sandy or compacted soils, provided that prolonged drought is avoided. Its vigorous vegetative spread via stolons allows it to form dense stands that contribute to ground cover, erosion control and nectar resources for bees and other insects, thereby supporting local biodiversity in agricultural and semi-natural landscapes.

Chemically, Mentha arvensis is notable for its high essential oil content and is one of the main natural sources of menthol. The essential oil, distilled mainly from the aerial parts, is typically dominated by menthol and menthone, with variable proportions of isomenthone, menthyl acetate and other oxygenated monoterpenes. The high menthol content is responsible for the intense cooling sensation perceived on mucous membranes and skin, mediated by the activation of specific cold-sensitive receptors. The exact composition of the oil is influenced by climate, soil conditions, phenological stage, genetic background and extraction technique, leading to several recognised chemotypes used in perfumery, flavourings and pharmaceutical formulations.

In traditional medicine, field mint has been used in European and Asian folk practices as a digestive and carminative, a mild antispasmodic, an expectorant, and a flavour corrector in herbal mixtures. Infusions from the leaves have been employed to relieve mild gastrointestinal discomfort, bloating, nausea and common colds, while the strong aroma has made the plant suitable for masking unpleasant tastes in medicinal preparations. In some regions, M. arvensis played a role similar to that of peppermint, especially before the latter was widely cultivated and standardised.

In culinary uses, Mentha arvensis is employed as an aromatic herb in local cuisines to season vegetable dishes, legumes, potatoes and light meats, and to prepare herbal teas, homemade liqueurs and refreshing drinks. However, because of its relatively high menthol content, the flavour can be more intense and sometimes harsher than that of other culinary mints, so it is usually used in moderation to avoid overpowering the overall flavour profile of dishes and beverages.

From a health and functional perspective, Mentha arvensis continues to attract interest due to the biological activities of its essential oil and extracts. Pharmacological and phytochemical studies indicate antimicrobial, antioxidant, antispasmodic and mild analgesic properties in experimental models. Menthol, in particular, contributes to the soothing effect on the upper airways and to a subjective improvement in nasal airflow, while other terpenes may support digestive and respiratory functions. Nevertheless, products containing the essential oil must be used with care: excessive concentrations can cause irritation of mucous membranes, gastrointestinal discomfort or, in susceptible individuals, adverse reactions. The use of undiluted essential oil is not recommended in pregnancy, in very young children, or in people with certain respiratory or neurological conditions, in line with established herbal and aromatherapeutic safety guidelines.

Botanical classification (APG IV system)

Indicative nutritional values per 100 g (fresh aerial parts of Mentha arvensis)
Values refer to fresh herb (leaves and tender stems), estimated for field mint and other culinary mints; in real culinary use, portions are much smaller than 100 g.

At realistic serving sizes (for example 2–5 g of fresh leaves in teas or as seasoning), the energy contribution is negligible, and the effective nutritional impact (fiber, vitamin C, vitamin A, minerals) is modest in quantity, though positive in qualitative terms within the overall diet.

Lipid profile note

Field mint, like other Mentha species, has a very low fat content:

• Saturated fatty acids (SFA) are present in small amounts; when they predominate over unsaturated fats in the overall diet, they are generally considered less favourable for cardiovascular health.

• Monounsaturated (MUFA) and polyunsaturated (PUFA) fatty acids occur only in trace amounts and do not significantly influence daily lipid intake.

From a nutritional perspective, interest in Mentha arvensis relates mainly to its aromatic compounds, fiber, vitamin C, vitamin A and micronutrients, rather than to fats or calories.

Production process

Field mint can be collected from wild stands or cultivated fields in temperate regions. Harvesting is carried out at full flowering, when leaves and flowering tops contain the highest level of essential oil. The aerial parts are cut and quickly transferred to shaded, well-ventilated drying areas, where moderate temperatures help preserve the volatile monoterpenes, especially menthol.

The essential oil is obtained by steam distillation of the dried (or partly wilted) aerial parts. Oil from Mentha arvensis is characterised by a very high menthol content, often in the range of about 50–70 %, which gives a sharp, cooling, peppermint-like odour and strong sensory “cold” effect. After distillation the oil may be chilled and fractionated to crystallise out menthol, with the remaining “dementholised” mint oil used as a separate flavour or fragrance ingredient. Hydroalcoholic extracts and hydrolats are also produced for softer cosmetic or herbal uses.

Applications

In traditional herbal use, Mentha arvensis has been employed as an aromatic and digestive herb, similar to peppermint but generally more pungent. Dried leaves may be included in mixed herbal teas and some traditional liquors, always within the legal limits for menthol and related constituents.

Today, the essential oil is particularly important as a technical and cosmetic ingredient. Thanks to its high menthol content, Mentha arvensis oil (often called cornmint or wild mint oil) is widely used in:

• Topical and cosmetic products such as cooling gels, after-sun and muscle products, foot balms and refreshing body lotions, where it produces an intense cooling and invigorating sensation.

• Oral-care products (toothpastes, mouthwashes) to provide a strong, fresh mint flavour and a prolonged feeling of freshness.

• Hair and scalp care, for example in shampoos and scalp tonics for oily scalp, where its cooling and deodorising effect is appreciated.

In aromatherapy and functional perfumery, field mint oil is used to deliver a powerful mint note, to enhance alertness, and to give a sense of “open air” freshness in room fragrances, balms and massage products.

Nutrition & health

When used as a simple culinary herb (dried leaves in small amounts), Mentha arvensis behaves comparably to other mints, providing aroma and a mild digestive sensation. The main bioactive profile of the essential oil is driven by menthol and related monoterpenes (menthone, isomenthone, menthyl acetate, etc.), which account for the strong cooling and sensory effects.

Preclinical and experimental work suggests that Mentha arvensis extracts and essential oil may exhibit antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, and there is interest in potential applications in skin conditions and inflammatory models. However, these data are largely preclinical, and do not justify specific therapeutic claims in humans.

Internal use of field mint essential oil must be approached with great caution. As with other menthol-rich oils, excessive doses can cause gastrointestinal discomfort, neurological symptoms and other adverse effects. Any oral use of concentrated oil should be restricted to regulated preparations and professional supervision; home use of pure oil by ingestion is not appropriate.

Topically, menthol-rich preparations can give a pronounced sensation of cooling and relief, but high concentrations may also cause burning, irritation or paradoxical discomfort, especially on sensitive or damaged skin, mucous membranes, or in young children.

Allergens and intolerances

Some individuals are sensitive to menthol and mint oils, and may develop skin irritation, contact urticaria or, in rarer cases, allergic contact dermatitis when exposed to products containing Mentha arvensis oil. Irritation of eyes and respiratory mucosa is also possible with over-exposure to vapours or high-strength products applied near the face.

For people with a history of mint allergy, fragrance sensitivity, asthma triggered by strong odours, or very reactive skin, products containing field mint oil or high levels of menthol should be used cautiously or avoided. As with other fragrant essential oils, any regulated fragrance allergens arising from Mentha arvensis (or the fragrance blend in general) must be listed on cosmetic labels when they exceed legal thresholds. 

Storage and shelf-life

The dried herb should be stored in a cool, dry and dark place, in closed containers that protect it from humidity and light; under these conditions it usually remains suitable for herbal use for about 1–2 years, with gradual loss of aroma over time.

The essential oil is more sensitive to oxidation and volatilisation. It should be kept in tightly closed, preferably dark glass or metal containers, away from heat sources. Good storage practices help preserve both the characteristic menthol-rich odour and the chemical profile, and reduce the formation of oxidation products that may alter odour and irritancy. Commercial technical data sheets generally recommend shelf-lives of about 2–3 years under proper storage.

Safety and regulatory aspects

Because of its high menthol content, Mentha arvensis oil is subject to regulatory scrutiny similar to other peppermint-type oils. Safety assessments for cosmetic use typically consider systemic exposure to menthol and related constituents, and some expert panels have recommended limits so that total menthol exposure from all cosmetic products remains below acceptable daily intake values. Individual jurisdictions may also set specific maximum levels for menthol or mint oils in oral-care, topical and inhaled products.

Manufacturers are expected to work under GMP, with:

• control of botanical identity and origin of the plant;

• analysis of the essential oil composition (menthol, menthone, etc.) and confirmation it meets specification;

• monitoring of contaminants (e.g. pesticides, heavy metals, residual solvents where relevant) and oxidation status;

• appropriate labelling and classification according to flavour, fragrance, cosmetic or other intended use.

Labeling

In herbal and flavour products, the plant may be declared as Mentha arvensis, field mint, cornmint, wild mint or similar, depending on national language conventions. For essential oil, terms such as “Mentha arvensis oil”, “cornmint oil” or “wild mint oil” are common.

In cosmetics, typical INCI names include:

• Mentha Arvensis Leaf Oil,

• Mentha Arvensis Flower/Leaf/Stem Oil,

• Mentha Arvensis Leaf Extract,

and purified Menthol may appear as a separate INCI ingredient when isolated from the oil.

Any required fragrance allergens must be listed separately when above threshold levels, even if the oil itself is part of a complex “Parfum” declaration.

Main INCI functions (cosmetics)

In cosmetic and personal-care formulations, Mentha arvensis derivatives are primarily used for their cooling and perfuming properties:

• Fragrance / perfuming agent – provides a strong, fresh, mentholated mint odour, often as a top or middle note in the fragrance accord.

• Cooling / refreshing agent – delivers a marked cooling sensation on skin and scalp, especially in gels, after-sun products, sports balms, foot-care products and “cooling” masks.

• Skin and scalp conditioning – contributes to a feeling of freshness and cleanliness; in some formulas it is also positioned for oily or problem skin and scalp, often in combination with other actives.

Conclusion

Mentha arvensis (field mint / cornmint) is a menthol-rich mint species widely used as a source of strong, cooling essential oil for cosmetic, oral-care, aromatherapy and flavour applications. The plant and its oil sit at the intersection between traditional herbal use and modern functional perfumery, offering intense freshness, sensory impact and useful technical properties. At the same time, its high menthol content requires careful control of composition, dosage and exposure, particularly in products applied to sensitive areas or used by vulnerable populations. When cultivation, distillation, fractionation and quality control are properly managed within the current regulatory framework, Mentha arvensis provides a versatile and effective ingredient for “cooling” and refreshing products in many categories.

Mini-glossary

• SFA – Saturated fatty acids: fats without double bonds; excessive intake compared with unsaturated fats may be associated with increased cardiovascular risk.

• MUFA – Monounsaturated fatty acids: fats with one double bond; generally beneficial when replacing saturated fats in the diet.

• PUFA – Polyunsaturated fatty acids: fats with two or more double bonds (including n-6 and n-3 families); contribute to normal heart function within a balanced diet.

• TFA – Trans fatty acids: fats containing at least one trans double bond; dietary intake should be kept as low as possible, as recommended by major health authorities.

• GMP – Good manufacturing practices: standards ensuring hygiene, safety and quality throughout production and processing.

• HACCP – Hazard analysis and critical control points: preventive system for identifying and controlling potential hazards in food production chains.

• BOD – Biological oxygen demand: indicator of organic pollution in wastewater, measuring oxygen required by microorganisms.

• COD – Chemical oxygen demand: indicator of total oxidisable compounds in wastewater, measuring oxygen needed for chemical oxidation.

Studies

The essential oil obtained from Mentha arvensis is composed mostly of menthol that exerts a successfully tested antifungal action against Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium moniliforme (1).

This study explored the possibility of reducing postprandial glucose release and inhibiting posprandial hyperglicemia with components from alternative plants for diabetes control. A methanol extract derived from Mentha arvensis was found to be effective in this antidiabetic activity (2).

The most relevant studies on this ingredient have been selected with a summary of their contents:

Mentha arvensis studies

References_______________________________________

(1) Makkar MK, Sharma S, Kaur H. Evaluation of Mentha arvensis essential oil and its major constituents for fungitoxicity.    J Food Sci Technol. 2018 Sep;55(9):3840-3844. doi: 10.1007/s13197-018-3291-y.

Abstract. Essential oil and major constituents of menthe were evaluated for fungicidal activities. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) of essential oil from leaves of Mentha arvensis cv. CIM-Saryu revealed that menthol was found in highest amount (77.94%) followed by isomenthone (5.24%), neomenthyl acetate (5.18%) and menthone (5.00%). Menthol and menthone were extracted from the essential oil by column chromatography. Essential oil, menthol and menthone were screened for their fungicidal activity against Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium moniliforme. Menthol was highly effective as compared to essential oil as well as menthone. All of them exhibited less activity than standard bavistin at all the tested concentrations.

Kalemba D, Synowiec A. Agrobiological Interactions of Essential Oils of Two Menthol Mints: Mentha piperita and Mentha arvensis. Molecules. 2019 Dec 23;25(1):59. doi: 10.3390/molecules25010059. 

Abstract. This review article discusses the active constituents and potential of two menthol mint oils, Mentha piperita (MPEO) and Mentha arvensis (MAEO), as natural sources for botanical pesticides. The biological activities of these menthol mint oils, which can be useful in agriculture, have been broadly researched, especially toward phytotoxic microorganisms. To a lesser extent, the insecticidal and herbicidal activities of mint EOs have also been studied. It is apparent that the prospect of using menthol mint oils in agriculture is increasing in popularity. A number of investigations showed that the in vitro efficacy of MPEO and MAEO, as well as that of their main constituent, menthol, is pronounced. The results of in vitro research are useful for choosing EOs for further investigations. However, it is clear that in situ experiments are crucial and should be more extensively developed. At the same time, known techniques are to be applied to this area and new methods should be worked out, aiming at the improvement of EOs' pesticidal efficacy and cost-effectiveness, for future implementation in agricultural pest control.

(2)  Agawane SB, Gupta VS, Kulkarni MJ, Bhattacharya AK, Koratkar SS. Chemo-biological evaluation of antidiabetic activity of Mentha arvensis L. and it's role in inhibition of advanced glycation end products.   J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2018 Feb 2. pii: S0975-9476(17)30058-X. doi: 10.1016/j.jaim.2017.07.003. 

Parić A, Mesic A, Mahmutović-Dizdarević I, Jerković-Mujkić A, Žujo B, Bašić N, Pustahija F. Bioactive potential of Mentha arvensis L. essential oil. J Environ Sci Health B. 2024;59(9):584-594. doi: 10.1080/03601234.2024.2396730.

Abstract. The aim of this study was to evaluate the phytotoxic, genotoxic, cytotoxic and antimicrobial effects of the Mentha arvensis L. essential oil (EO). The biological activity of M. arvensis EO depended on the analyzed variable and the tested oil concentration. Higher concentrations of EO (20 and 30 µg mL-1) showed a moderate inhibitory effect on the germination and growth of seedlings of tested weed species (Bellis perennis, Cyanus segetum, Daucus carota, Leucanthemum vulgare, Matricaria chamomilla, Nepeta cataria, Taraxacum officinale, Trifolium repens and Verbena × hybrida). The results obtained also indicate that the EO of M. arvensis has some genotoxic, cytotoxic and proliferative potential in both plant and human in vitro systems. Similar results were obtained for antimicrobial activity against eight bacteria, including multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains [Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), Escherichia coli, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing (ESBL) E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Enteritidis], with the effect on multidrug-resistant bacterial strains. Research indicates that the EO of M. arvensis shows phytotoxic, genotoxic, cytotoxic and antimicrobial effects, as well as its potential application as a herbicide and against various human diseases.

Coutinho HD, Costa JG, Lima EO, Falcão-Silva VS, Siqueira-Júnior JP. Potentiating effect of Mentha arvensis and chlorpromazine in the resistance to aminoglycosides of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. In Vivo. 2009 Mar-Apr;23(2):287-9. 

 Abstract. Background: This is the first report testing the antibiotic resistance-modifying activity of Mentha arvensis against MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus). Materials and methods: In this study an ethanol extract of Mentha arvensis L. and chlorpromazine were tested for their antimicrobial activity alone or in combination with conventional antibiotics against MRSA strains. Results: A potentiating effect of this extract on gentamicin, kanamycin and neomycin was demonstrated. Similarly, a potentiating effect of chlorpromazine on the same aminoglycosides was observed, indicating the involvement of an efflux system in the resistance to these antibiotics. Conclusion: It is therefore suggested that extracts from M. arvensis could be used as a source of plant-derived natural products with resistance-modifying activity, such as in the case of aminoglycosides, constituting a new weapon against bacterial resistance to antibiotics, as with chlorpromazine.