Recensione

Bibliografia__________________________________________________________________________

(1) Breschi, M. C., Martinotti, E., Catalano, S., Flamini, G., Morelli, I., & Pagni, A. M. (1992). Vasoconstrictor activity of 8-O-acetylharpagide from Ajuga reptans. Journal of natural products, 55(8), 1145-1148.

Abstract. The traditional therapeutic indications for the use of Ajuga reptans (Labiatae) have been investigated. The H20-soluble part of a crude and partially purified MeOH extract and two isolated iridoids (8-Q-acetylharpagide and harpagide), were tested for a biological activity on isolated smooth muscle preparations from guinea pig.

 (2) Terahara N, Callebaut A, Ohba R, Nagata T, Ohnishi-Kameyama M, Suzuki M. Triacylated anthocyanins from Ajuga reptans flowers and cell cultures. Phytochemistry. 1996 May;42(1):199-203. doi: 10.1016/0031-9422(95)00838-1. 

Abstract. Four anthocyanins were isolated from Ajuga reptans flowers and one from the cell cultures. By FAB mass spectrometry measurements, the structures of these pigments were determined as delphinidin and cyanidin glucosides acylated with two cinnamic acids, while three of them were also malonylated. A delphinidin-based pigment in the crude extract from cell cultures was identical to the major flower pigment as shown by HPLC co-chromatography. Moreover, by application of 1H and 13C NMR consisting of DQF-COSY, NOESY, ROESY, 2D-HOHAHA, HSQC and HMBC methods, the structures of two new anthocyanins were identified as delphinidin and cyanidin 3-O-(2-O-(6-O-(E)-p-coumaryl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-(6-O-(E)-p- coumaryl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-5-O-(6-O-malonyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside ). The deacylated anthocyanins were confirmed as delphinidin and cyanidin 3-sophoroside-5-glucosides.

(3) Terahara N, Callebaut A, Ohba R, Nagata T, Ohnishi-Kameyama M, Suzuki M. Acylated anthocyanidin 3-sophoroside-5-glucosides from Ajuga reptans flowers and the corresponding cell cultures. Phytochemistry. 2001 Oct;58(3):493-500. doi: 10.1016/s0031-9422(01)00172-8. 

Abstract. Four anthocyanins from Ajuga reptans flowers and its cell cultures were isolated, and a fifth was also characterized by HPLC-mass spectrometry. By means of chemical and spectroscopic analyses, their structures were identified as delphinidin 3-(p-coumaroyl-feruloyl)sophoroside-5-malonylglucoside, delphinidin 3-(diferuloyl)sophoroside-5-malonylglucoside, and cyanidin 3-(di-p-coumaroyl)sophoroside-5-glucoside, respectively. The other two were tentatively identified as delphinidin 3-(diferuloyl)sophoroside-5-glucoside and cyanidin 3-(feruloyl-p-coumaroyl)sophoroside-5-malonylglucoside. In neutral aqueous solution, the crude extract from A. reptans flower cell cultures and the major anthocyanin cyanidin 3-(di-p-coumaroyl)sophoroside-5-malonylglucoside were more stable than cyanidin 3-glucoside, and also prevented more efficiently peroxidation than did the latter. A. reptans flower cell culture anthocyanins may have a potential as natural colorants for food utilities or other purposes.

(4) Fekete G, Polgár lL, Báthori M, Col J, Darvas B. Per os efficacy of Ajuga extracts against sucking insects. Pest Manag Sci. 2004 Nov;60(11):1099-104. doi: 10.1002/ps.928. PMID: 15532684.

(5) Ványolós A, Simon A, Tóth G, Polgár L, Kele Z, Ilku A, Mátyus P, Báthori M. C-29 ecdysteroids from Ajuga reptans var. reptans. J Nat Prod. 2009 May 22;72(5):929-32. doi: 10.1021/np800708g. 

Abstract. Investigation of the ecdysteroid constituents of the herb Ajuga reptans var. reptans resulted in the isolation of three new ecdysteroids, named reptanslactone A (2), reptanslactone B (3), and sendreisterone (5), and the known 24-dehydroprecyasterone (1) and breviflorasterone (4). The structures of compounds 1-5 were determined by spectroscopic methods including one- and two-dimensional NMR measurements.

(6) Fujimoto Y, Maeda I, Ohyama K, Hikiba J, Kataoka H. Biosynthesis of 20-hydroxyecdysone in plants: 3β-hydroxy-5β-cholestan-6-one as an intermediate immediately after cholesterol in Ajuga hairy roots. Phytochemistry. 2015 Mar;111:59-64. doi: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.12.019. Epub 2015 Jan 12. PMID: 25593010.

Findling S, Zanger K, Krueger S, Lohaus G. Subcellular distribution of raffinose oligosaccharides and other metabolites in summer and winter leaves of Ajuga reptans (Lamiaceae). Planta. 2015 Jan;241(1):229-41. doi: 10.1007/s00425-014-2183-2. 

Abstract. In Ajuga reptans, raffinose oligosaccharides accumulated during winter. Stachyose, verbascose, and higher RFO oligomers were exclusively found in the vacuole whereas one-fourth of raffinose was localized in the stroma. The evergreen labiate Ajuga reptans L. can grow at low temperature. The carbohydrate metabolism changes during the cold phase, e.g., raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs) accumulate. Additionally, A. reptans translocates RFOs in the phloem. In the present study, subcellular concentrations of metabolites were studied in summer and winter leaves of A. reptans to gain further insight into regulatory instances involved in the cold acclimation process and into the function of RFOs. Subcellular metabolite concentrations were determined by non-aqueous fractionation. Volumes of the subcellular compartments of summer and winter leaves were analyzed by morphometric measurements. The metabolite content varied strongly between summer and winter leaves. Soluble metabolites increased up to tenfold during winter whereas the starch content was decreased. In winter leaves, the subcellular distribution showed a shift of carbohydrates from cytoplasm to vacuole and chloroplast. Despite this, the metabolite concentration was higher in all compartments in winter leaves compared to summer leaves because of the much higher total metabolite content in winter leaves. The different oligosaccharides did show different compartmentations. Stachyose, verbascose, and higher RFO oligomers were almost exclusively found in the vacuole whereas one-fourth of raffinose was localized in the stroma. Apparently, the subcellular distribution of the RFOs differs because they fulfill different functions in plant metabolism during winter. Raffinose might function in protecting chloroplast membranes during freezing, whereas higher RFO oligomers may exert protective effects on vacuolar membranes. In addition, the high content of RFOs in winter leaves may also result from reduced consumption of assimilates.