Review Aqua Resist Brow Definer

What is it for

Ingredients

Let us examine the most significant ingredients in order of quantity as indicated on the label. I provide a brief summary. For the full text, studies and bibliography, I highly recommend clicking on the ingredient and, if you want to go deeper, it is perhaps a little complex reading because these are scientific studies, but it clarifies the ingredient/health relationship.

Diisostearyl malate  is a chemical compound, dialkyl malate, the diester of isostearyl alcohol and malic acid. Uses: Skin conditioning agent - Emollient, Skin conditioning agent, Surfactant - Cleansing agent.

Caprylic/capric triglyceride are medium-chain lipids, triglycerides and esters produced from glycerine and fractionated vegetable oil, coconut oil, palm kernel oil. Uses: Skin conditioning agent, Fragrance.

C20-40 ACID Fatty acids in the C20-40 range can come from various sources, both natural and synthetic, and can be used in a variety of applications, including skin and hair conditioning agents, emollients and to help form emulsions by stabilizing the water and oil phases of products.

C20-40 Alcohols refers to a mixture of fatty alcohols with carbon chain lengths between 20 and 40 atoms. Fatty alcohols are often used in cosmetics and skincare products for their emollient and stabilizing properties. They can act as conditioning agents, emulsifiers, and stabilizers in various product formulations.

Isoamyl laurate is a chemical compound, a fatty latic acid ester obtained by the condensation of dodecanoic acid with 3-methylbutan-1-ol and derived from an isoamylol. It is industrially produced from vegetable oils and sugar. Uses: Skin conditioning agent - Emollient

Glyceryl behenate/eicosadioate Glyceryl behenate/eicosadioate is an ester of behenic acid and eicosadienoic acid with glycerol. The raw materials include glycerol, behenic acid, and eicosadienoic acid, which are often derived from vegetable sources. Uses: Surfactant - Emulsifying agent

Boron nitride is primarily produced using borax and nitrogen compounds. Uses: Bulking agent. It regulates the water content, dilutes other solids, can increase the volume of a product for better flow, acts as a buffer against organic acids, helps to keep the pH of the mixture within a certain level.

The other ingredients appear on minimal quantities. Among the dyes appearing (there are as many as 4) CI 77891 or Titanium dioxide is considered dangerous. However, it is in the last position on the label, so it is in minimal amounts. The problem with these kinds of products is their continued use. 

It would be good to alternate them with other products that do not contain Titanium dioxide.

Review IRALTONE Dieci plus 92g

What it's for.

"Supplement of essential amino acids, proline, glycine, ornithine, taurine and zinc. Zinc contributes to the maintenance of normal hair, nails, and skin."

Ingredients

Supplements and medicines are examined and evaluated solely from the point of view of their chemical composition, based on the relevant scientific studies. No medical opinion is expressed on curative functions. If a medicinal or prescription substance is involved, the overall judgement must be made by the treating physician.

Let us examine the most significant ingredients in order of quantity as indicated on the label. I provide a brief summary for reasons of space. For the full text, studies and bibliography, I highly recommend clicking on the ingredient and, if you want to go deeper, it is perhaps a little complex reading because these are scientific studies, but it clarifies the ingredient/health relationship.

L-leucine is an amino acid that the human body cannot produce but must be assimilated through intake of foods such as whole-grain flours, nuts, and others. Amino acids play a key metabolic function in the human body and are building blocks of proteins. 

Corn maltodextrin, a group of complex carbohydrates, or polysaccharides, that are widely used in the food and beverage industry for their functional properties. It is used as an additive in the food industry to sweeten foods. More digestible than other carbohydrates, it is a white powder that provides only 4 calories per gram and low amounts of fiber, fat, and protein. Anti-inflammatory and modifier of collagen turnover.

L-valine is one of three branched-chain amino acids, along with leucine and isoleucine that are particularly important for muscle repair and growth. Valine plays a crucial role in energy supply, stimulates muscle regeneration, and is involved in various metabolic processes.

L-proline is considered a nonessential amino acid synthesized from glutamic acid, but is thought to be an essential component of collagen and for proper functioning of tendons and joints.

Glycine is the simplest amino acid and is a basic building block of proteins that plays a role in tissue protection.

Taurine is an amino acid naturally produced by the human body and has important functions in the cardiovascular circulatory system, skeletal muscle, and nervous system. 

L-phenylalanine  important for the production of neurotransmitters such as dopamine, norepinephrine, and adrenaline, as well as being a precursor to the amino acid tyrosine, which in turn is involved in the synthesis of proteins, enzymes, and thyroid hormones.

L-ornithine clorhydrate plays a key role in the urea cycle, a metabolic process that helps eliminate ammonia, a toxic waste product, by turning it into urea, which is then excreted from the body through urine. This makes L-ornithine hydrochloride important for maintaining liver function and preventing the accumulation of harmful substances in the body.

The formula of this supplement includes as many as 4 sweeteners: Aspartame, Acesulfame K, L-tryptophan, and Zinc Gluconate.

Review Murmeltier-Salbe 100 ml

What is the use of Murmeltier-Salbe

This Austrian marmot oil cream has a long history in folk medicine for the treatment of muscle or joint pain. In 1980 I had purchased the same cream in Austria and this was the package insert:

In my last purchase in 2023, the leaflet is limited to a generic description:

ingredients

Let us examine the most significant ingredients in order of quantity as indicated on the label. I provide a brief summary for reasons of space. For the full text, studies and bibliography, I highly recommend clicking on the ingredient and, if you want to go deeper, it is perhaps a little complex reading because these are scientific studies, but it clarifies the ingredient/health relationship.

Coco-caprylate is a synthetic emollient derived from natural coconut fatty acids and caprylic alcohol. Coconut fatty acids come from coconut oil, while caprylic alcohol is generally derived from plant sources or synthesized.

Cera alba is the technical name for purified and bleached beeswax.

Marmota oil is obtained from the fat of the groundhog, a rodent living in mountainous regions. The fat is collected mainly from the animal's skin and subcutaneous tissue. Traditionally used in some cultures for its therapeutic properties, such as relief of muscle pain and improvement of blood circulation. It is also used in some cosmetic products and conditioners for skin and hair.

Polyglyceryl-2 dipolyhydroxystearate  is a synthetic emulsifier and stabilizer derived from the combination of polyhydroxy fatty acids (such as stearic acid) and polyethoxylated glycerin. In cosmetics it functions as a Skin Conditioning Agent.

Glycerin  or glycerol. Trivalent alcohol, hygroscopic. Glycerol is the trade name when the percentage of glycerol exceeds 95 percent, but the names are mostly used to identify the same product. In cosmetic products it is included in formulas for the purpose of moisturizing and softening the skin, preserving it from aging or roughness.

Undecane is an aliphatic hydrocarbon used as an emollient.

Polyglyceryl-3 diisostearate is an ester derived from glycerin and isostearic acid. Emulsifier.

Magnesium Sulfate is an inorganic compound containing magnesium, sulfur and oxygen, belongs to the class of sulfates, Regulates water content, dilutes other solids, can increase the volume of a product for better flow. It controls and adapts, by increasing or decreasing, viscosity to the level required for optimum chemical and physical stability of the product.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil, a castor oil that has undergone a hydrogenation process. Hydrogenation increases oxidative stability and raises the melting point, making the oil solid and more versatile for some applications, particularly cosmetics. Emollient, emulsifier, viscosity control.

Benzyl alcohol has a number of important functions: solvent, preservative, viscosity reducing agent, fragrance fixative, deodorizer.

Phenoxyethanol, a broad-spectrum preservative used in cosmetics against Gram-negative bacteria, moulds and yeasts. It occurs naturally in green tea but is produced chemically using phenol and ethylene oxide. As with many other preservatives included in the formula of cosmetic products, the scientific literature warns of general and specific contraindications concerning the application of this preservative. In particular, with regard to the eyes, this 2020 study by Jingyi Wang and others at Harvard University warns of the toxicity of Phenoxyethanol to the epithelial cells of the Meibomian gland, which secretes the human tear film, the main source of lipids, through its ducts. You can read an extract HERE. 

However, since the use of this cream does not affect the face, you only need to wash your hands well after use.

These are the main ingredients of this cream. For the others, whose amount included is rather low, you can refer to and read their description on the previous page.

Conclusions

Good cream with good ingredients, but be careful not to let it get on your face.

Take only under medical supervision

Sodium fusidate is a chemical compound, salt of fusidic acid.

The name describes the structure of the molecule:

• Sodium refers to the sodium ion, which is an alkali metal found in nature. It is often used in medicine and cosmetics to form salts with other compounds.
• Fusidate is derived from "Fusidium", the genus of fungi from which fusidic acid, the main component of sodium fusidate, was originally isolated.

Function. Sodium fusidate is a steroidal antibiotic (1) used to treat bacterial skin infections (2). It has specific action against the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus, including MRSA (Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus).

Raw Materials Used in Production:

• Sodium fusidate is derived from the fermentation of the fungus Fusidium coccineum.

Step-by-step Summary of Industrial Production Process.

• Fermentation. Fusidium coccineum is cultivated under controlled conditions to produce fusidic acid.
• Extraction. The fusidic acid is extracted from the fermentation through various methods, including the use of organic solvents.
• Conversion. The fusidic acid is then converted to sodium fusidate by adding a sodium hydroxide solution.
• Purification. Sodium fusidate is purified from impurities through processes such as crystallization.

Form and Color.

Sodium fusidate appears as a white or almost white crystalline powder.

Like all drugs it can cause side effects. Always ask the physician.

• Molecular Formula    C₃₁H₄₇NaO₆
• Molecular Weight  538.7 g/mol
• CAS  751-94-0
• UNII    J7P3696BCQ
• EC Number   212-030-3
• DTXSID9045552

References_____________________________________________________________________

(1) Holmbäck J, Rinwa V, Johansson J, Håkansson J, Rinwa P, Carlsson A, Herslöf B. Preclinical development of sodium fusidate antibiotic cutaneous spray based on water-free lipid formulation system. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2022 Sep 1;176:106250. doi: 10.1016/j.ejps.2022.106250. 

(2) Rajapakse RDN, Weerasekara TA, Wijayaratne WGB, Nandasiri GK. Microencapsulated sodium fusidate to impart antibacterial properties into cotton dressings for traumatic wounds. J Wound Care. 2022 Jan 2;31(1):99-109. doi: 10.12968/jowc.2022.31.1.99. PMID: 35077219.

Abstract. This research aimed to investigate the use of microencapsulated sodium fusidate to impart antibacterial properties into conventional cotton gauze used to treat traumatic wounds. The microcapsules were prepared with sodium fusidate dissolved in ethanol as the active substance (core) and calcium alginate as the wall material (shell) using an electrospraying method. The microcapsules were then loaded into a 1% solution of chitosan, and conventional sterile cotton gauze fabric was impregnated in this suspension and dried at room temperature. The microcapsules obtained were examined with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to confirm the constituents, and by scanning electron microscopy to examine the size and distribution of the microcapsules. The results showed that microcapsules with sodium fusidate as the core material were produced in a size range of 50-200µm. The antibacterial properties of these gauze samples were tested for resistance to both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The samples showed antibacterial properties against Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) only, with an average inhibition zone of 31.67±2.89mm in diameter. The antibacterial effect of the treated gauze samples was tested after washing to investigate the strength of the binding agent, to find out whether the samples maintained antibacterial properties after two hand-rubbed washes. Its absorption capacity, rate of absorbency and air permeability values were 555±4.51%, 1.25±0.04 seconds and 408±2.65cm3/cm2/seconds, respectively. The research findings have established the possibility of imparting antibacterial properties into sterile cotton gauze using microencapsulation of sodium fusidate.

Babor - Hyaluronic Cleansing Balm

Ingredients:

Excellent cream, no risky ingredients.

Review Immun'Age packets of 3 g

What is it for (from the https://www.immunage.us/)

Ingredients

Fermented Papaya preparation FFP^®  

Supplements and medicines are examined and evaluated solely from the point of view of their chemical composition, based on the relevant scientific studies. No medical opinion is expressed on curative functions. If a medicinal or prescription substance is involved, the overall judgement must be made by the treating physician.

We usually examine the most significant ingredients in order of quantity as listed on the label, in this case there is only one ingredient. I provide a brief summary of it due to space requirements. For the full text, studies, and bibliography I highly recommend clicking on the ingredient, and if you want to delve deeper, it is a somewhat complex read perhaps because these are scientific studies, but it clarifies the ingredient/health relationship. In any case, at the bottom of this review you can read the summary of the scientific studies I have cited.

Papaya (Carica papaya L.) is a fruit intensively cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions that has a long history as a traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases and is used in the food sector as a complement to foods, drinks.

Its composition contains polyphenols and flavonoids that have antibacterial and antioxidant action (1). There is a good content of Vitamin A, C, E, pantothenic acid, magnesium and potassium in the pulp and peel.

Moreover, papaya and strawberry contains a good content of carotenoids in the pulp (2) :

• ß-cryptoxanthin 34.2%
• lycopene 8,31%
• β-carotene 6,26%.

Fermented papaya powder has an antioxidant effect against age-related diseases and neurological diseases and may be useful in combating excessive production of free radicals in patients with Alzheimer's disease (3).

The components of oil extracted from papaya seeds, oleic acid, linoleic acid, saponins, anthocyanins, tocopherol, have demonstrated beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system (4).

And so let's see what it consists of and what the benefits of the FPP® fermentation process are. A 2022 spectrometric analysis of this product found protection of red blood cells from oxidative stress due to the presence of essential amino acids, vitamin D3 and derivative (5). 

Conclusions

All scientific studies agree on the benefits attributed to this supplement. I have not found any contraindications. 

References________________________________________________________________________

(1) Asghar N, Naqvi SA, Hussain Z, Rasool N, Khan ZA, Shahzad SA, Sherazi TA, Janjua MR, Nagra SA, Zia-Ul-Haq M, Jaafar HZ. Compositional difference in antioxidant and antibacterial activity of all parts of the Carica papaya using different solvents. Chem Cent J. 2016 Feb 3;10:5. doi: 10.1186/s13065-016-0149-0. PMID: 26848308; PMCID: PMC4741006.

Abstract. Background: Carica papaya is a well known medicinal plant used in the West and Asian countries to cope several diseases. Patients were advised to eat papaya fruit frequently during dengue fever epidemic in Pakistan by physicians. This study was conducted to establish Polyphenols, flavonoids and antioxidant potential profile of extracts of all major parts of the C. papaya with seven major solvents i.e. water, ethanol, methanol, n-butanol, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane....Conclusion: This study was conducted to test the medicinal profile of all parts of C. papaya by extracting secondary metabolites with organic and aqueous solvents. Ethanol and methanol both were found to be the best solvents of choice to extract natural products to get maximum medicinal benefits and could be used to medicinal formulation against different infectious diseases.

(2) Swada JG, Keeley CJ, Ghane MA, Engeseth NJ.  Relationship between pulp structure breakdown and nutritional value of papaya (Carica papaya) and strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa) nectars using alternative thermal and non-thermal processing techniques.  
J Sci Food Agric. 2016 May

(3) Barbagallo M, Marotta F, Dominguez LJ. Oxidative stress in patients with Alzheimer's disease: effect of extracts of fermented papaya powder. Mediators Inflamm. 2015;2015:624801. doi: 10.1155/2015/624801. 

Abstract. Brain tissue is particularly susceptible to oxidative stress (OS). Increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), reduced antioxidant systems, and decreased efficiency in repairing mechanisms have been linked to Alzheimer's disease (AD). Postmortem studies in AD patients' brains have shown oxidative damage markers (i.e., lipid peroxidation, protein oxidative damage, and glycoxidation). Fermented papaya (FPP, a product of Carica papaya Linn fermentation with yeast) is a nutraceutical supplement with favorable effects on immunological, hematological, inflammatory, and OS parameters in chronic/degenerative diseases. We studied 40 patients (age 78.2 ± 1.1 years), 28 AD patients, and 12 controls. Urinary 8-OHdG was measured to assess OS. Twenty AD patients were supplemented with FPP (Immunage, 4.5 grams/day) for 6 months, while controls did not receive any treatment. At baseline, 8-OHdG was significantly higher in patients with AD versus controls (13.7 ± 1.61 ng/mL versus 1.6 ± 0.12 ng/mL, P < 0.01). In AD patients FPP significantly decreased 8-OHdG (14.1 ± 1.7 ng/mL to 8.45 ± 1.1 ng/mL, P < 0.01), with no significant changes in controls. AD is associated with increased OS, and FPP may be helpful to counteract excessive ROS in AD patients.

(4) Logozzi, M., Di Raimo, R., Mizzoni, D., Andreotti, M., Spada, M., Macchia, D., & Fais, S. (2020). Beneficial effects of fermented papaya preparation (FPP®) supplementation on redox balance and aging in a mouse model. Antioxidants, 9(2), 144.

(5) Warang, P. P., Shinde, N. S., Umare, V. D., Deshmukh, P. V., Ghosh, K., Madkaikar, M. R., ... & Mukherjee, M. B. (2022). Role of Oxidative Stress and the Protective Effect of Fermented Papaya Preparation in Sickle Cell Disease. Hemoglobin, 46(4), 260-264.

Abstract. Fermented papaya preparation (FPP) is the source of antioxidants that may help in reducing the complications associated with oxidative stress and may improve the quality of life in sickle cell disease patients. In this study, we assessed the in vitro effect of FPP on sickled red blood cells (RBCs) using oxidative stress markers and observed that FPP has the potential to reduce the oxidative stress. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and eosin 5′ malaemide (E5′M) dye test showed that FPP protects red cell morphology against the oxidative stress. Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LCMS) analysis of FPP suggests the presence of essential amino acids, vitamin D3, and its derivatives. Fermented papaya preparation can be of benefit either in reducing oxidative stress parameters or in preventing pathophysiological events in the sickle cell disease patients.

Piroxicam is a chemical compound, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used to treat pain and inflammation. 

Take only under medical supervision

The name defines the structure of the molecule

• "Piroxicam" is the chemical name for a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). It doesn't further break down in terms of meaning derived from the name, as it's a specific name for this molecule.

Description of raw materials used in production

• Basic chemical reagents such as 2-pyridylamine and thiophenyl chloride.

Step-by-step summary of industrial chemical synthesis process.

• Reaction - 2-pyridylamine reacts with thiophenyl chloride in the presence of a catalyst and solvent to form an intermediate compound.
• Hydrolysis - The intermediate compound undergoes hydrolysis in the presence of an acid to form piroxicam.
• Purification - The crude piroxicam is purified via crystallization, filtration, and other suitable methods.
• Drying - The purified piroxicam is dried to remove residual moisture.
• Quality Control - A quality check is done on the piroxicam to ensure it meets the desired specifications.

What it is for and where

Medical

Piroxicam is a potent prostaglandin inhibitor that is used as:

Anti-inflammatory. Used to reduce inflammation associated with various conditions like arthritis.

Pain Relief. Prescribed to alleviate acute or chronic pain (1).

Osteoarthritis. Indicated for the treatment of symptoms of osteoarthritis (2).

Rheumatoid Arthritis. Employed to treat symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis (3).

Ankylosing Spondylitis. May also be prescribed to treat symptoms of ankylosing spondylitis (4).

Topical Formulations. Available in gel or cream forms for the topical treatment of muscular and joint pains (5).

As with any medication, piroxicam must be taken under the supervision of a healthcare professional. Potential side effects, drug interactions, and contraindications should be considered. Always follow the prescribed dosage and consult with a doctor if any adverse reactions occur.

It appears in the form of a white powder.

• Molecular Formula  C₁₅H₁₃N₃O₄S
• Molecular Weight  331.3 g/mol
• CAS  36322-90-4
• UNII    13T4O6VMAM
• EC Number   252-974-3
• Nikkaji    J3.498C
• DTXSID5021170

References_____________________________________________________________________

(1) Enthoven WT, Roelofs PD, Deyo RA, van Tulder MW, Koes BW. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for chronic low back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Feb 10;2(2):CD012087. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD012087. 

Abstract. Background: Chronic back pain is an important health problem. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are widely used to treat people with low back pain, especially people with acute back pain. Short term NSAID use is also recommended for pain relief in people with chronic back pain. Two types of NSAIDs are available and used to treat back pain: non-selective NSAIDs and selective COX-2 NSAIDs. In 2008, a Cochrane review identified a small but significant effect from NSAIDs compared to placebo in people with chronic back pain. This is an update of the Cochrane review published in 2008 and focuses on people with chronic low back pain....Authors' conclusions: Six of the 13 included RCTs showed that NSAIDs are more effective than placebo regarding pain intensity. NSAIDs are slightly more effective than placebo regarding disability. However, the magnitude of the effects is small, and the level of evidence was low. When we only included RCTs at low risk of bias, differences in effect between NSAIDs and placebo were reduced. We identified no difference in efficacy between different NSAID types, including selective versus non-selective NSAIDs. Due to inclusion of RCTs only, the relatively small sample sizes and relatively short follow-up in most included trials, we cannot make firm statements about the occurrence of adverse events or whether NSAIDs are safe for long-term use.

(2) Ishaq N, Ata N, Saqib M, Shaheen B, Zafar A, Malik A. Intra-Articular Piroxicam And Triamcinolone In A Ratmodel Of Osteoarthritis; Elevation And Comparison Of Chondroprotective Efficacy. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad. 2022 Jan-Mar;34(1):53-57. doi: 10.55519/JAMC-01-8924. 

Abstract. Background: Osteoarthritis is the most common chronic degenerative joint disease. Definite treatment of osteoarthritis is still undiscovered. This study was designed to evaluate and compare the chondroprotective efficacy of piroxicam and triamcinolone in rat model of osteoarthritis. Methods: This laboratory based experimental study was conducted in Pharmacology Department, Army Medical College, Rawalpindi, from April-June 2019. Osteoarthritis was induced by medial meniscectomy and anterior cruciate ligament resection in knee joints of twenty-four rats. They were divided in three groups with eight rats in each. Group I, II and III were control, piroxicam and triamcinolone groups that were treated by intra articular saline, piroxicam and triamcinolone once weekly for four weeks respectively and then gait pattern was scored. Animals were euthanized thereafter and samples were taken for histopathological analysis. Results: Comparison of gait score of control, piroxicam and triamcinolone groups exhibited a p-value of <0.01. Intergroup comparison of gait of group I and II, group I and III and group II and IV depicted pvalue of <0.001,0.013 and 0.013 respectively. Likewise histopathological comparison of control, piroxicam and triamcinolone groups showed p-value of <0.01. While Intergroup histopathological comparison of group I and II, group I and III and group II and IV showed p-value of <0.001, <0.001 and 0.008 respectively. Conclusion: Comparison of control group with treatment group proved chondroprotective efficacy of piroxicam and triamcinolone. On comparison of treatment groups, it was concluded that piroxicam has better chondroprotective efficacy as compared to triamcinolone.

(3) Blackburn WD Jr, Prupas HM, Silverfield JC, Poiley JE, Caldwell JR, Collins RL, Miller MJ, Sikes DH, Kaplan H, Fleischmann R, et al. Tenidap in rheumatoid arthritis. A 24-week double-blind comparison with hydroxychloroquine-plus-piroxicam, and piroxicam alone. Arthritis Rheum. 1995 Oct;38(10):1447-56. doi: 10.1002/art.1780381011.

Abstract. Objective: To compare the clinical efficacy, effect on serum C-reactive protein (CRP), serum amyloid A (SAA), and plasma interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels, and safety of tenidap with a combination of hydroxychloroquine-plus-piroxicam, and piroxicam alone, in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. Methods: A double-blind, randomized, multicenter study in which patients with active RA were treated with tenidap 120 mg/day, hydroxychloroquine 400 mg/day and piroxicam 20 mg/day, or piroxicam alone 20 mg/day, for 24 weeks. Results: At weeks 12 and 24, tenidap produced greater improvements than piroxicam based on 5 primary efficacy parameters; this improvement showed statistical significance in 4 of the 5 measures at week 12, and in 3 of the 5 measures at week 24. Clinical improvements in the hydroxychloroquine-plus-piroxicam-treated with tenidap. Compared with piroxicam, tenidap was associated with significantly greater reductions in serum CRP concentrations at 4, 12, and 24 weeks, and significantly greater reductions in SAA concentrations at weeks 12 and 24. The decrease in SAA concentrations was also significantly greater at weeks 4 and 24 in the tenidap-treated group than in the hydroxychloroquine-plus-piroxicam-treated group. Significant reductions in plasma IL-6 levels were observed at weeks 4, 12, and 24 within the tenidap group, and at week 24 within the hydroxychloroquine-plus-piroxicam-treated group. The overall occurrence of side effects, including gastrointestinal side effects, was similar in all 3 treatment groups. A small proportion of tenidap-treated patients (6.4%) manifested mild, nonprogressive, reversible proteinuria of presumed renal proximal tubular origin, and 3-4% of patients had elevated transaminase levels. Conclusion: In the treatment of patients with RA, tenidap is as effective as the combination of hydroxychloroquine-plus-piroxicam, and is more effective than piroxicam alone; moreover, tenidap's safety profile is comparable to that observed with piroxicam alone, and with hydroxychloroquine-plus-piroxicam. The clinical response observed in this study, as well as the prompt decreases in acute-phase protein levels of CRP and SAA, and in plasma IL-6 levels, suggest that tenidap represents a new type of antiarthritic medication, with properties similar to, but not identical to, a therapeutic combination of a nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug with disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs.

(4) Gupta, M., Kanoujia, J., Tiwari, S., & Saraf, A. S. (2014). Development of piroxicam loaded nanostructured lipid carriers for spondylitis treatment. Advanced Science Letters, 20(5-6), 1066-1071.

Abstract. Aim of this work was to prepare and characterize Piroxicam (Prx) loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) for the treatment of spondylitis. NLCs were prepared by microemulsion technique followed by solidification through ice bath. Piroxicam-nanostructured lipid carrier (PNLCs) prepared under optimum conditions were found to be homogenous, and round with smooth surface. The mean particle size was determined to be 198.1 nm, entrapment efficiency to be 79.69±0.5% and zeta potential to be −22.4 mV, respectively. The in-vitro release profile of optimized formulation showed sustained release which was best explained by Higuchi's equation. Through permeation studies it was confined that PNLC showed a higher localization in skin as compared to conventional gel of picroxicam. A preliminary in-vivo study in Wistar albino rats showed prolonged anti-inflammatory activity (18% inhibition) upto 24 hr while the standard (marketed picroxicam gel) showed diminished activity (3%) upto 24 hr. These results revealed that PNLCs may serve as a promising carrier to increase therapeutic efficacy for the treatment of spondylitis.

(5) Gaber DA, Alsubaiyel AM, Alabdulrahim AK, Alharbi HZ, Aldubaikhy RM, Alharbi RS, Albishr WK, Mohamed HA. Nano-Emulsion Based Gel for Topical Delivery of an Anti-Inflammatory Drug: In vitro and in vivo Evaluation. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2023 May 15;17:1435-1451. doi: 10.2147/DDDT.S407475.

Abstract. Introduction: Arthritic disorder is a common disease in elderly patients and the most common cause of joint dysfunction. This study aims to design Piroxicam-loaded nanoemulsion (PXM-NE) formulations to enhance the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of the drug for topical use....Conclusion: The results showed good physicochemical properties, higher bioavailability, and a longer analgesic effect of PXM from nanoemulsion gel, as compared to the commercial product. © 2023 Gaber et al.