Brown seaweed (Halopteris scoparia)

Halopteris scoparia is a brown macroalga, brown seaweed (class Phaeophyceae, family Stypocaulaceae) typically found along rocky coasts of the northeast Atlantic and the Mediterranean Sea. It is generally a small to medium-sized perennial species (usually around 10–20 cm in height), with a highly branched thallus composed of a main axis and numerous fine lateral branches arranged densely, giving a feathery, broom-like appearance. Colour ranges from olive-brown to yellowish-brown, with tones influenced by light exposure and the physiological state of the thallus. The species is typically epilithic, attached to hard substrates in the midlittoral and infralittoral zones, where it contributes to complex algal carpets that provide microhabitats for a diverse assemblage of epiphytic invertebrates.

From an ecological standpoint, Halopteris scoparia prefers well-oxygenated, wave-exposed waters with sufficient light for photosynthesis, on rocky or other hard substrates, and can also occur as an epiphyte on other macrophytes. It is regarded as a relatively tolerant and adaptable species, able to persist under moderate anthropogenic pressure, and is often one of the most abundant brown algae in photophilic assemblages along certain Mediterranean and Atlantic coasts. Seasonal changes in biomass and in thallus architecture are common; the density and structure of the stands have a direct influence on the composition and diversity of associated fauna, particularly molluscs and small crustaceans that use the alga as substrate and shelter. Because of this sensitivity to environmental gradients, H. scoparia has been considered in studies aiming to evaluate coastal water quality and the ecological status of shallow rocky habitats.

From a compositional point of view, Halopteris scoparia is characterised by a very high water content and a substantial fraction of structural and storage carbohydrates. The dry biomass includes typical brown algal polysaccharides, such as alginates and fucoidans, as well as soluble sugars. It also contains polyphenols, particularly phlorotannins, together with photosynthetic pigments such as fucoxanthin, chlorophylls and carotenoids. The protein fraction is usually moderate, while the lipid fraction is relatively low but can include long-chain fatty acids of technological interest. The dry matter contains minerals (including potassium, calcium, magnesium and trace elements such as iodine) and, depending on local conditions, variable traces of microcontaminants or metals. The detailed composition is strongly influenced by geographical origin, season of collection, trophic status of the waters and the chemical–physical characteristics of the site.

In terms of applications and processing, Halopteris scoparia is of growing interest as a feedstock for biorefinery processes, owing to its content of fermentable polysaccharides and organic compounds suitable for the production of bioethanol, biogas and biodiesel, and more generally as a biomass source for integrated valorisation chains. Extracts obtained from the alga, or from microorganisms associated with it, have been investigated for their content of secondary metabolites with potential antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antifungal and antimicrobial activities, as well as for possible dermocosmetic applications. Ecologically, H. scoparia is also used as a model substrate for studies on benthic communities and as a potential bioindicator of environmental conditions in shallow rocky coastal systems.

The quality assessment of Halopteris scoparia biomass intended for industrial or experimental use typically considers parameters such as moisture content, ash content, polysaccharide and polyphenol levels, microbial load, and the possible presence of metals or other contaminants, as well as batch purity (absence of other algal species, excess sediment, or undesired amounts of epiphytic organisms). Proper species identification, traceability of the collection area, harvesting procedures and drying and storage conditions are essential to preserve the chemical–physical characteristics and the reproducibility of the material used for processing or research.

Botanical Classification

• Botanical classification (APG IV)

  • Common name: Halopteris scoparia (no well-established English common name; usually referred to simply as Halopteris scoparia or brown seaweed)

  • Botanical name: Halopteris scoparia

  • Kingdom: Plantae (in a broad sense, sometimes placed in Chromista in alternative systems)

  • Clade: Stramenopiles (Heterokonta)

  • Division / Phylum: Ochrophyta

  • Class: Phaeophyceae (brown algae)

  • Order: Sphacelariales

  • Family: Sphacelariaceae

  • Genus: Halopteris

  • Species: Halopteris scoparia

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  Indicative nutritional values per 100 g (dried alga)*

  Component	Approx. value per 100 g
  Energy	~ 200–260 kcal
  Total carbohydrates	~ 45–55 g
  — of which sugars	~ 1–3 g
  Dietary fibre (mainly soluble)	~ 35–45 g
  Proteins	~ 8–12 g
  Total fats	~ 1–3 g
  — of which saturated fatty acids (SFA)	small share of total lipid fraction
  Sodium	high (intrinsic to marine algae)
  Potassium	moderate
  Calcium	significant amounts
  Magnesium	significant amounts
  Iodine	present, variable, as in other brown seaweeds

  * Values are indicative of dried brown seaweeds in general. Halopteris scoparia is not a common food seaweed and species-specific nutritional data are limited; mineral and fibre contents can vary widely depending on location, seawater composition and harvesting/processing conditions.

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  Mini-glossary of acronyms

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  • SFA = Saturated fatty acids. When they predominate over unsaturated fats in the diet, they are generally considered less favourable for cardiovascular health.

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  • MUFA = Monounsaturated fatty acids. Typically regarded as a more favourable fat type when replacing saturated fats.

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  • PUFA = Polyunsaturated fatty acids. Include omega-3 and omega-6, essential in small amounts and involved in membrane structure and inflammatory balance.

Physical Characteristics

• Appearance: Halopteris scoparia forms dense, bush-like tufts of finely branched, filamentous fronds.
• Color: Varies from light brown to dark olive-green, depending on environmental conditions.
• Size: Typically grows up to 10–30 cm in height.
• Attachment: Anchored to rocky substrates via a holdfast, enabling it to withstand wave action.
• Habitat: Commonly found in coastal areas, particularly in rocky intertidal zones, tide pools, and shallow waters.

Chemical Composition

Halopteris scoparia contains a variety of bioactive compounds:

• Polysaccharides:
  • Alginate: A key structural component with applications in food and pharmaceuticals.
  • Fucoidan: Known for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.
• Phenolic Compounds: Antioxidants that protect the plant and have potential health benefits.
• Fatty Acids: Contains omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, beneficial for health.
• Minerals: Rich in iodine, calcium, potassium, and magnesium.
• Vitamins: Includes vitamins A, C, and E.

Habitat and Ecology

• Geographical Distribution: Found in temperate and subtropical coastal waters of the Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean Sea, and other regions.
• Role in Ecosystem:
  • Provides shelter and habitat for small marine organisms, including crustaceans, mollusks, and juvenile fish.
  • Contributes to nutrient cycling in marine ecosystems.
• Environmental Adaptations: Tolerates varying salinity and temperature levels, thriving in both intertidal and subtidal zones.

How to Harvest Halopteris scoparia

Sustainable harvesting of Halopteris scoparia is important to maintain its ecological role:

1. Timing: Harvest during low tide when the alga is exposed.
2. Method: Hand-harvesting is preferred to minimize damage to the plant and surrounding ecosystem.
3. Sustainability: Avoid overharvesting and allow recovery periods to preserve populations.

Uses and Benefits

• Agriculture:

  • Used as a natural fertilizer and soil conditioner due to its mineral content.
  • May be incorporated into animal feed to improve livestock health.

• Health and Nutrition:

  • Rich in bioactive compounds, it has potential as a dietary supplement.
  • Its fucoidan content may support immune health and reduce inflammation.

• Cosmetics:

  • Extracts are used in skincare products for their hydrating and anti-aging properties.
  • Antioxidants help protect skin from environmental damage.

• Biotechnology and Environmental Applications:

  • Potential for use in bioremediation to absorb heavy metals and pollutants from marine environments.
  • Can be used as a source of alginate for industrial applications.

Applications

• Medical:

  • Research is ongoing into the potential anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and anticancer properties of compounds in Halopteris scoparia.
  • Its polysaccharides and phenolic compounds show promise for therapeutic uses.

• Cosmetic:

  • Incorporated into moisturizers, serums, and anti-aging products for its hydrating and antioxidant effects.

• Agricultural:

  • Natural fertilizers derived from the alga improve soil health and crop yields.

• Environmental:

  • Plays a role in cleaning polluted waters through bioremediation.
  • Contributes to the reduction of carbon dioxide in marine environments.

Environmental and Safety Considerations

• Environmental Benefits:

  • Enhances marine biodiversity by providing habitat and shelter for marine organisms.
  • Plays a role in reducing coastal erosion and protecting shorelines.

• Sustainability:

  • Overharvesting can disrupt local ecosystems. Sustainable practices are essential for preserving wild populations.

• Safety:

  • Generally safe for use, but care should be taken to harvest from unpolluted areas to avoid contamination by heavy metals or toxins.

Research and Future Potential

The biochemical composition of Halopteris scoparia makes it a promising candidate for various applications. Ongoing research is exploring its potential in pharmaceuticals, functional foods, and environmental remediation.

References__________________________________________________________________________

Calado MDL, Silva J, Alves C, Susano P, Santos D, Alves J, Martins A, Gaspar H, Pedrosa R, Campos MJ. Marine endophytic fungi associated with Halopteris scoparia (Linnaeus) Sauvageau as producers of bioactive secondary metabolites with potential dermocosmetic application. PLoS One. 2021 May 13;16(5):e0250954. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250954. 

Abstract. Marine fungi and, particularly, endophytic species have been recognised as one of the most prolific sources of structurally new and diverse bioactive secondary metabolites with multiple biotechnological applications. Despite the increasing number of bioprospecting studies, very few have already evaluated the cosmeceutical potential of marine fungal compounds. Thus, this study focused on a frequent seaweed in the Portuguese coast, Halopteris scoparia, to identify the endophytic marine fungi associated with this host, and assess their ability to biosynthesise secondary metabolites with antioxidative, enzymatic inhibitory (hyaluronidase, collagenase, elastase and tyrosinase), anti-inflammatory, photoprotective, and antimicrobial (Cutibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Malassezia furfur) activities. The results revealed eight fungal taxa included in the Ascomycota, and in the most representative taxonomic classes in marine ecosystems (Eurotiomycetes, Sordariomycetes and Dothideomycetes). These fungi were reported for the first time in Portugal and in association with H. scoparia, as far as it is known. The screening analyses showed that most of these endophytic fungi were producers of compounds with relevant biological activities, though those biosynthesised by Penicillium sect. Exilicaulis and Aspergillus chevalieri proved to be the most promising ones for being further exploited by dermocosmetic industry. The chemical analysis of the crude extract from an isolate of A. chevalieri revealed the presence of two bioactive compounds, echinulin and neoechinulin A, which might explain the high antioxidant and UV photoprotective capacities exhibited by the extract. These noteworthy results emphasised the importance of screening the secondary metabolites produced by these marine endophytic fungal strains for other potential bioactivities, and the relevance of investing more efforts in understanding the ecology of halo/osmotolerant fungi.

Hadjkacem F, Elleuch J, Pierre G, Fendri I, Michaud P, Abdelkafi S. Production and purification of fucoxanthins and β-carotenes from Halopteris scoparia and their effects on digestive enzymes and harmful bacteria. Environ Technol. 2024 Jun;45(15):2923-2934. doi: 10.1080/09593330.2023.2195562.

Abstract. Algae constitute a significant part of marine biodiversity. They represent a renewable source of bioactive metabolites from drug development and therapeutic fields. Fucoxanthin and β-carotene from the brown macroalgae Halopteris scoparia, were extracted using conventional organic solvent extraction, then purified, to homogeneity, based on various chromatographic principles. Their effects on digestive enzymes and harmful bacteria were investigated. The capacities of both purified pigments to inhibit α-amylase and trypsin enzymes were evaluated. Purified fucoxanthin and β-carotene exhibited interesting α-amylase inhibition activities, with IC50 of 300 and 500 µg/mL, respectively. Moreover, trypsin inhibition activities were detected using purified these two pigments. The antibacterial potential of the purified pigments was evaluated. β-carotene showed to be a great antibacterial natural compound against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria such as Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella enterica with Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of about 0.225, 0.1125, 0.225 µg/mL, respectively. Those findings are in favor of the exploitation of H. scoparia pigments in therapeutic fields as an antidiabetic source directly by the inhibition of α-amylase and trypsin as well as antibacterial agents against gastrointestinal infections.

Čagalj M, Radman S, Šimat V, Jerković I. Detailed Chemical Prospecting of Volatile Organic Compounds Variations from Adriatic Macroalga Halopteris scoparia. Molecules. 2022 Aug 5;27(15):4997. doi: 10.3390/molecules27154997. 

Abstract. The present study aimed to isolate volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from fresh (FrHSc) and air-dried (DrHSc) Halopteris scoparia (from the Adriatic Sea) by headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and hydrodistillation (HD) and to analyse them by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The impact of the season of growth (May-September) and air-drying on VOC composition was studied for the first time, and the obtained data were elaborated by principal component analysis (PCA). The most abundant headspace compounds were benzaldehyde, pentadecane (a chemical marker of brown macroalgae), and pentadec-1-ene. Benzaldehyde abundance decreased after air-drying while an increment of benzyl alcohol after drying was noticed. The percentage of pentadecane and heptadecane increased after drying, while pentadec-1-ene abundance decreased. Octan-1-ol decreased from May to September. In HD-FrHSc, terpenes were the most abundant in June, July, and August, while, in May and September, unsaturated aliphatic compounds were dominant. In HD-DrHSc terpenes, unsaturated and saturated aliphatic compounds dominated. (E)-Phytol was the most abundant compound in HD-FrHSc through all months except September. Its abundance increased from May to August. Two more diterpene alcohols (isopachydictyol A and cembra-4,7,11,15-tetraen-3-ol) and sesquiterpene alcohol gleenol were also detected in high abundance. Among aliphatic compounds, the dominant was pentadec-1-ene with its peak in September, while pentadecane was present with lower abundance. PCA (based on the dominant compound analyses) showed distinct separation of the fresh and dried samples. No correlation was found between compound abundance and temperature change. The results indicate great seasonal variability of isolated VOCs, as well among fresh and dried samples, which is important for further chemical biodiversity studies.