Esperidina è un flavonoide glicoside trovato principalmente negli agrumi. È noto per le sue proprietà antiossidanti, antinfiammatorie e vaso protettive. L'esperidina interagisce con vari meccanismi biologici, offrendo benefici per la salute cardiovascolare, il sistema immunitario e oltre.
- Azione antiossidante. L'esperidina combatte lo stress ossidativo neutralizzando i radicali liberi e proteggendo le cellule dai danni ossidativi (1). Questo contribuisce a ridurre il rischio di malattie croniche legate all'ossidazione.
- Effetto antinfiammatorio. Modula la risposta infiammatoria del corpo inibendo la produzione di mediatori infiammatori e l'attivazione di vie infiammatorie (2), aiutando così a ridurre l'infiammazione sistemica.
- Proprietà vaso protettive. Migliora la salute dei vasi sanguigni rafforzando la funzione endoteliale, riducendo la permeabilità capillare e migliorando la circolazione sanguigna. Questo è particolarmente vantaggioso per prevenire disturbi venosi come le vene varicose.
- Effetti sul metabolismo. L'esperidina può influenzare positivamente il metabolismo lipidico e glucidico, contribuendo alla prevenzione e al trattamento del diabete e dell'obesità (3).
- Supporto al sistema immunitario. Ha dimostrato di potenziare la risposta immunitaria (4), migliorando la resistenza alle infezioni e potenzialmente riducendo il rischio di alcune malattie autoimmuni.
Processo di produzione industriale
Fonti. Ricca in agrumi come arance, limoni, mandarini e pompelmi, l'esperidina è facilmente ottenibile attraverso la dieta. È anche disponibile come integratore, spesso in combinazione con altri bioflavonoidi.
- Estrazione - L'Esperidina è inizialmente estratta da fonti agrumate, come la buccia di arance e limoni, attraverso processi di estrazione che possono includere l'uso di solventi come etanolo o acqua.
- Purificazione - Dopo l'estrazione, l'Esperidina grezza viene purificata per rimuovere impurità e migliorare la sua qualità. Questo può includere tecniche come la cristallizzazione, la filtrazione e la cromatografia.
- Sintesi/Modifica - In alcuni casi, l'Esperidina può essere modificata chimicamente per migliorarne la solubilità e la biodisponibilità. Questo può includere la conversione in derivati come l'esperidina metil calcone.
- Controllo qualità - L'Esperidina purificata è sottoposta a rigorosi controlli di qualità per garantire la sua purezza, potenza e conformità con le specifiche. Questo include test per identificare la presenza di metalli pesanti, solventi residui e altri contaminanti.
Applicazioni commerciali
Integratori alimentari. L'esperidina è un flavonoide trovato principalmente negli agrumi, come arance e pompelmi. È utilizzata in integratori alimentari per le sue proprietà antiossidanti, anti-infiammatorie e vaso protettive.
Forma e Colore
L'esperidina si trova comunemente sotto forma di polvere cristallina di colore giallo o arancione, utilizzata in capsule, compresse o come parte di miscele in polvere.
Sicurezza
Generalmente considerata sicura quando assunta in dosi appropriate, ma è sempre consigliabile consultare un professionista sanitario prima di iniziare qualsiasi supplementazione, specialmente in presenza di condizioni mediche preesistenti.
Molecular Formula C28H34O15
Molecular Weight 610.6 g/mol
CAS 520-26-3
UNII E750O06Y6O
EC Number 208-288-1
Synonyms
- hesperidine
- Cirantin
- Hesperidoside
- Hesper bitabs
Bibliografia_____________________________________________________________________
(1) Buzdağlı Y, Eyipınar CD, Kacı FN, Tekin A. Effects of hesperidin on anti-inflammatory and antioxidant response in healthy people: a meta-analysis and meta-regression. Int J Environ Health Res. 2023 Dec;33(12):1390-1405. doi: 10.1080/09603123.2022.2093841.
Abstract. Hesperidin is a prominent flavanone found in citrus fruits that has a broad range of biological effects, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant capabilities. The study's objective was to evaluate the effects of hesperidin supplementation on anti-inflammatory and antioxidant parameters such as MDA, TAC, GSH, SOD, and CAT; CRP, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-4 levels respectively, by analyzing human intervention trials. Google Scholar, PubMed, grey literature databases, and the ClinicalTrials website were scanned to identify eligible studies. For the meta-analysis, eighteen studies were chosen. Hesperidin supplementation had significant lowering effect on not only CRP, IL-6, and IL-4 levels but also MDA level (Meta-regression analysis revealed a non-significant direct relationship between hesperidin dosage and chance in CRP, IL-6, and MDA levels. As a result, it can be said that hesperidin supplementation contributes to the inflammatory and antioxidant response, but this contribution is independent of dosage.
(2) Choi SS, Lee SH, Lee KA. A Comparative Study of Hesperetin, Hesperidin and Hesperidin Glucoside: Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Antibacterial Activities In Vitro. Antioxidants (Basel). 2022 Aug 20;11(8):1618. doi: 10.3390/antiox11081618. PMID: 36009336; PMCID: PMC9405481.
Abstract. The antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activities of hesperetin, hesperidin and hesperidin glucoside with different solubility were compared in vitro. Hesperetin was prepared by enzymatic hydrolysis from hesperidin, and hesperidin glucoside composed of hesperidin mono-glucoside was prepared from hesperidin through enzymatic transglycosylation. Solubility of the compounds was different: the partition coefficient (log P) was 2.85 ± 0.02 for hesperetin, 2.01 ± 0.02 for hesperidin, and -3.04 ± 0.03 for hesperidin glucoside. Hesperetin showed a higher effect than hesperidin and hesperidin glucoside on radical scavenging activity in antioxidant assays, while hesperidin and hesperidin glucoside showed similar activity. Cytotoxicity was low in the order of hesperidin glucoside, hesperidin, and hesperetin in murine macrophage RAW264.7 cells. Treatment of the cells with each compound reduced the levels of inflammatory mediators, nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). Hesperetin was most effective at relatively low concentrations, however, hesperidin glucoside was also effective at higher concentration. Hesperetin showed higher antibacterial activity than hesperidin in both Gram-positive and -negative bacteria, and hesperidin glucoside showed similarly higher activity with hesperetin depending on the bacterial strain. In conclusion, hesperetin in the form of aglycone showed more potent biological activity than hesperidin and hesperidin glucoside. However, hesperidin glucoside, the highly soluble form, has been shown to increase the activity compared to poorly soluble hesperidin.
(3) Xiong H, Wang J, Ran Q, Lou G, Peng C, Gan Q, Hu J, Sun J, Yao R, Huang Q. Hesperidin: A Therapeutic Agent For Obesity. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2019 Nov 12;13:3855-3866. doi: 10.2147/DDDT.S227499.
Abstract. Obesity is a chronic metabolic disease caused by multiple factors and is considered to be a risk factor for type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, stroke and various cancers. Hesperidin, a flavanone glycoside, is a natural phenolic compound with a wide range of biological effects. Mounting evidence has demonstrated that hesperidin possesses inhibitory effect against obesity diseases. Our review discusses mechanisms of hesperidin in the treatment of obesity. Hesperidin regulates lipid metabolism and glucose metabolism by mediating AMPK and PPAR signaling pathways, directly regulates antioxidant index and anti-apoptosis, and indirectly mediates NF-κB signaling pathway to regulate inflammation to play a role in the treatment of obesity. In addition, hesperidin-enriched dietary supplements can significantly improve symptoms such as postprandial hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia. Further clinical trials are also required for confirming lipid-lowering efficacy of this natural flavonoid and evaluating its safety profile.
(4) Camps-Bossacoma M, Franch À, Pérez-Cano FJ, Castell M. Influence of Hesperidin on the Systemic and Intestinal Rat Immune Response. Nutrients. 2017 Jun 6;9(6):580. doi: 10.3390/nu9060580. PMID: 28587283; PMCID: PMC5490559.
Abstract. Polyphenols, widely found in edible plants, influence the immune system. Nevertheless, the immunomodulatory properties of hesperidin, the predominant flavanone in oranges, have not been deeply studied. To establish the effect of hesperidin on in vivo immune response, two different conditions of immune system stimulations in Lewis rats were applied. In the first experimental design, rats were intraperitoneally immunized with ovalbumin (OVA) plus Bordetella pertussis toxin and alum as the adjuvants, and orally given 100 or 200 mg/kg hesperidin. In the second experimental design, rats were orally sensitized with OVA together with cholera toxin and fed a diet containing 0.5% hesperidin. In the first approach, hesperidin administration changed mesenteric lymph node lymphocyte (MLNL) composition, increasing the TCRαβ+ cell percentage and decreasing that of B lymphocytes. Furthermore, hesperidin enhanced the interferon (IFN)-γ production in stimulated MLNL. In the second approach, hesperidin intake modified the lymphocyte composition in the intestinal epithelium (TCRγδ+ cells) and the lamina propria (TCRγδ+, CD45RA+, natural killer, natural killer T, TCRαβ+CD4+, and TCRαβ+CD8+ cells). Nevertheless, hesperidin did not modify the level of serum anti-OVA antibodies in either study. In conclusion, hesperidin does possess immunoregulatory properties in the intestinal immune response, but this effect is not able to influence the synthesis of specific antibodies.
