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Whiz35 (11969 pt) • 2023-Jul-08 14:42

D-glucosamine sulphate is a chemical compound consisting of a glucosamine molecule, a type of amine sugar, and a sulphate group.

The 'D' in D-glucosamine refers to the configuration of the molecule; it is linked to its three-dimensional structure. In chemistry, the letters 'D' and 'L' are used to indicate the absolute configuration of asymmetrical carbon atoms in a molecule.

The synthesis of D-glucosamine sulphate typically involves different steps:

Glucosamine production. This is usually done by hydrolysing chitin, a long-chain polymer of N-acetylglucosamine, which is a derivative of glucose. Chitin is abundant in the exoskeletons of crustaceans such as shrimps and crabs. The hydrolysis process breaks down chitin into its constituent glucosamine units.
Conversion to D-Glucosamine. The glucosamine produced in the first step is in the form of D-glucosamine. This is because the chitin used as starting material is composed of D-glucosamine units.
Sulphation. The final step involves adding a sulphate group to D-glucosamine to form D-glucosamine sulphate. This is done with sulphuric acid or a related compound.

What it is for and where

Medical

D-Glucosamine sulphate is a natural chemical found in the human body. It is used by the body to produce a number of other chemicals involved in the construction of tendons, ligaments, cartilage and the dense fluid that surrounds joints.

In medical terms, D-Glucosamine sulphate is commonly used as a dietary supplement to treat the symptoms of osteoarthritis, a degenerative joint disease. It is believed to help improve function and relieve pain in individuals with osteoarthritis, particularly in the knee, hip and spine.

D-Glucosamine sulphate is also used in the treatment of other conditions, such as glaucoma and weight loss, but scientific evidence supporting these uses is limited.

It is important to note that although D-Glucosamine sulphate is generally considered safe for most people when taken in quantities, it can cause side effects such as stomach upset, constipation, diarrhoea, headaches and skin rashes. It can also interact with some medications, so it is always advisable to consult a doctor before starting a new supplementation regimen.(1)

Cosmetics

Skin conditioning agent. It is the mainstay of topical skin treatment as it has the function of restoring, increasing or improving skin tolerance to external factors, including melanocyte tolerance. The most important function of the conditioning agent is to prevent skin dehydration, but the subject is rather complex and involves emollients and humectants that can be added in the formulation.

Molecular Formula C₆H₁₅NO₉S
Molecular Weight 277.25 g/mol
CAS 29031-19-4
UNII
EC Number 249-379-6

Bibliografia_____________________________________________________________________

(1) Bruyère O, Cooper C, Al-Daghri NM, Dennison EM, Rizzoli R, Reginster JY. Inappropriate claims from non-equivalent medications in osteoarthritis: a position paper endorsed by the European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis, Osteoarthritis and Musculoskeletal Diseases (ESCEO). Aging Clin Exp Res. 2018 Feb;30(2):111-117. doi: 10.1007/s40520-017-0861-1.

Abstract. Osteoarthritis (OA) is a progressive joint disease, that occurs frequently in the aging population and is a major cause of disability worldwide. Both glucosamine and chondroitin are biologically active molecules that are substrates for proteoglycan, an essential component of the cartilage matrix. Evidence supports the use of glucosamine and chondroitin as symptomatic slow-acting drugs for osteoarthritis (SYSADOAs) with impact on OA symptoms and disease-modifying effects in the long term. Glucosamine and chondroitin are administered in exogenous form as a sulfate salt and multiple formulations of these agents are available, both as prescription-grade products and nutritional supplements. However, while all preparations may claim to deliver a therapeutic level of glucosamine or chondroitin not all are supported by clinical evidence. Only patented crystalline glucosamine sulfate (pCGS) is shown to deliver consistently high glucosamine bioavailability and plasma concentration in humans, which corresponds to demonstrated clinical efficacy. Similarly, clinical evidence supports only the pharmaceutical-grade chondroitin sulfate. The European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis, Osteoarthritis and Musculoskeletal Diseases (ESCEO) advocates, through careful consideration of the evidence base, that judicious choice of glucosamine and chondroitin formulation is essential to maximize clinical benefit, patient adherence and satisfaction with treatment. In future, the ESCEO recommends that complex molecules with biological activity such as pCGS may be treated as "biosimilars" akin to the European Medicines Agency guidance on biological medicinal products. It seems likely that for all other complex molecules classed as SYSADOAs, the recommendation to use only formulations clearly supported by the evidence-base should apply.

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