Triticum dicoccum
Emmer wheat ( Triticum dicoccum , family Poaceae ) is one of the “ancient” wheat species that is gaining interest due to suggested health benefits reported in the literature and good suitability for cultivation systems, including organic agriculture. In several parts of the world, traditional foods made with emmer are appreciated for flavor, texture, and overall sensory performance.
From a nutritional standpoint, it is described as rich in bioactive compounds; moreover, its starch has been reported as slowly digestible, with potential implications for glycemic response within broader dietary patterns. The amount and composition of bioactive compounds can vary substantially depending on geographic location, seasonality, cultivar, and the analytical methods used.
Table 1. Identification data and specifications (indicative)
| Characteristic | Data |
|---|
| Common names | Emmer wheat, farro dicocco |
| Botanical name | Triticum dicoccum |
| Botanical family | Poaceae |
| Type | Annual cereal; caryopsis (grain) often hulled |
| Parts of interest | Caryopsis (endosperm, bran, germ) |
| Main commercial forms | Dehulled grain, flour, milled fractions, pasta and baked goods |
| Chemical-physical properties (indicative) | Powdery material when milled; technological behavior depends on particle size distribution, protein content, and flour quality |
| Energy value (indicative, 100 g of flour/dry grain) | About 340–370 kcal (varies with moisture and degree of refining) |
Raw material characteristics
The caryopsis contains mainly starch, a variable fraction of proteins, and fibrous and micronutrient components that are more represented in wholegrain fractions (bran/germ). Emmer starch has been reported to include a portion with slower digestibility compared with some other cereal products; this depends on starch structure, degree of refining, processing (e.g., drying/extrusion), and the overall food matrix.
The profile of bioactive compounds is described as relevant, but with strong variability linked to origin, growing season, cultivar, and measurement methodology.
Table 2. Key constituents and compositional profile (indicative)
| Characteristic | Data |
|---|
| Carbohydrates | Starch as the predominant fraction; reports of slowly digestible starch (process- and matrix-dependent) |
| Proteins | Wheat proteins (gluten-forming) with a variable profile; impact on dough structure and sensory quality |
| Lipids | Generally a limited lipid fraction, but present mainly in the germ; includes SFA (saturated fatty acids), MUFA (monounsaturated fatty acids), and PUFA (polyunsaturated fatty acids) with variable proportions |
| Micronutrients | Minerals and B vitamins with levels depending on cultivar and refining (wholegrain vs refined) |
| Bioactive compounds | Polyphenols (e.g., phenolic acids) and other antioxidants; total content and qualitative profile vary with geography, season, cultivar, and analytical method |
| Application evidence in pasta | In one study, spaghetti containing Triticum dicoccum showed higher protein, fat, antioxidant activity, and total phenolic content than samples containing Triticum monococcum |
| Fermentation effect | Sourdough fermentation was reported to have a positive impact on nutraceutical and functional properties of Triticum dicoccum |
Main uses
Food: used in bread, baked goods, pasta (including spaghetti), and flour/semolina-based preparations; dehulled grain can be used in soups and salads. Technological and nutritional interest depends on flour choice (wholegrain vs refined), recipe, and processing (mixing, extrusion, drying, fermentation). For the food chain, GMP (good manufacturing practice) and HACCP (hazard analysis and critical control points) requirements are central throughout milling, processing, and packaging.
Cosmetics: some wheat-derived ingredients (for example hydrolyzed proteins or extracts) may be used to contribute to sensory feel and conditioning of skin or hair, depending on purity, standardization, and the supplier’s technical substantiation.
Industrial use: starch and protein fractions, when obtained as specific, standardized ingredients, can be used as functional bases (thickeners/binders) in technical applications.
Cultivation
Emmer is often considered attractive for lower-input systems and organic agriculture, but yield and grain quality depend on cultivar, pedoclimatic conditions, and agronomic management. Harvest and post-harvest steps are important, with control of moisture and proper storage to reduce spoilage and contamination risks.
Environmental and safety considerations
Environmental impact: overall impact depends on irrigation, fertilization, plant protection management, and processing steps. Controlled supply chains and efficient agronomic practices help contain inputs and waste while maintaining stable raw material quality.
Safety: Triticum dicoccum is an allergen for individuals with wheat allergy and is not suitable for people with celiac disease or gluten sensitivity, as it contains gluten-related proteins. In food applications, contaminant controls (e.g., mycotoxins) and shelf-life management via appropriate storage conditions remain essential. In cosmetics, the use of derivatives requires assessment of purity and irritation/sensitization potential for the specific raw material.
Mini-glossary
SFA: saturated fatty acids; excessive intake is associated with less favorable lipid profiles, while moderate amounts can fit within a balanced diet.
MUFA: monounsaturated fatty acids; generally associated with more favorable lipid profiles than SFA within an overall balanced diet.
PUFA: polyunsaturated fatty acids; include nutritionally useful families, but are more prone to oxidation and require good storage practices.
GMP: good manufacturing practice; organizational and technical requirements to produce under controlled and reproducible conditions.
HACCP: hazard analysis and critical control points; a food safety management system based on hazard analysis and control of critical points.
Studies
Spaghetti containing Triticum dicoccum showed higher levels of proteins, fats, antioxidant activity, and total phenolic content compared to samples containing Triticum monococcum (1), and sourdough fermentation had a positive impact on the nutraceutical and functional properties of Triticum dicoccum (2), while bearing in mind that the content and composition of bioactive compounds vary depending on geographic location, seasonal variations, and cultivation methods (3).
References__________________________________________________________________________
(1) Cankurtaran Kömürcü T. Usage of primitive wheat (Triticum monococcum and Triticum dicoccum) flour and whole egg in noodle production. Food Sci Technol Int. 2023 Jul;29(5):541-551. doi: 10.1177/10820132231173020.
Abstract. The aim of this study was to improve the nutritional value and functional properties of noodles with the utilization of different primitive wheat and also whole egg. For this purpose, flours of two different primitive wheat (Triticum monococcum and Triticum dicoccum) were used in noodle formulation replaced with wheat flour at 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% ratio. Physical, chemical, textural, and functional properties of noodles were investigated. Noodle production was carried out with and without whole egg, and the effect of egg on noodle properties was also investigated. Noodle containing Triticum dicoccum showed higher levels of protein, fat, antioxidant activity, and total phenolic content compared to Triticum monococcum-containing samples. Whole egg usage significantly (p < 0.05) affected the ash, fat, protein content, antioxidant activity, total yellow pigment, color value (L*, a* and b*), and cooking properties of noodle samples. The increased ratio of primitive wheat flour significantly improved the overall measured chemical properties of the noodles. Sensory analysis showed that primitive wheat had closer sensory scores to each other, and their usage above 50% affected sensory parameters negatively, on the other hand, the use of egg in noodle formulation had a positive effect on all parameters.
(2) Gabriele M, Arouna N, Árvay J, Longo V, Pucci L. Sourdough Fermentation Improves the Antioxidant, Antihypertensive, and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Triticum dicoccum. Int J Mol Sci. 2023 Mar 27;24(7):6283. doi: 10.3390/ijms24076283.
Abstract. The fermentation process has been widely used to improve plant-based foods' nutritional and nutraceutical properties. This study aimed to investigate and compare the impact of sourdough fermentation on the bioactive content and profile, antioxidant and antihypertensive activities, as well as the anti-inflammatory properties of fermented (FS) and non-fermented (NFS) flour from Tuscan Triticum dicoccum wheat (spelt) on tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)-inflamed human intestinal epithelial cells (HT-29). FS showed significantly higher total phenolic and flavonoid content, in vitro and ex vivo antioxidant activities, and ACE-inhibitory activities than NFS. Gallic acid was identified by HPLC-DAD as the most representative polyphenol, followed by rutin, trans-ferulic acid, iso-quercitrin, and quercetin, in the fermented spelt sample. Instead, rutin and gallic acid were identified as the predominant compounds in the non-fermented ones. Moreover, FS exhibited a better protective effect on inflamed HT-29 cells by significantly counteracting the TNFα-induced alterations, lowering the expression of IL-8, COX-2, and ICAM-1 inflammatory mediator while enhancing antioxidant enzyme HO-1 gene expression. In conclusion, sourdough fermentation positively affected the nutraceutical and functional properties of spelt, which may represent a valuable ingredient for the formulation of functional foods and a key product for managing hypertension and inflammatory intestinal diseases.
(3) Dhanavath S, Prasada Rao UJS. Nutritional and Nutraceutical Properties of Triticum dicoccum Wheat and Its Health Benefits: An Overview. J Food Sci. 2017 Oct;82(10):2243-2250. doi: 10.1111/1750-3841.13844.
Mohan, B. H., & Malleshi, N. G. (2006). Characteristics of native and enzymatically hydrolyzed common wheat (Triticum aestivum) and dicoccum wheat (Triticum dicoccum) starches. European Food Research and Technology, 223(3), 355-361.
Abstract. The compositional, structural, and enzymatic digestibility of starches isolated from common wheat and dicoccum wheat were determined to find out the possible reason for hypoglycemic nature of dicoccum wheat. The gelatinization temperature range (65±3 °C) as well as the elution profile of both the starches on Sepharose CL-2B gel were comparable, but the peak (PV, 233 RVU) and set back viscosity (SB, 140 RVU) of dicoccum wheat starch were higher than common wheat starch (PV, 211 RVU; SB, 113 RVU) as recorded in rapid visco-analyser (RVA). The degree of crystallinity (DOC: 29%) and the thermal energy (TE: 142.35 J) of dicoccum wheat starch were considerably higher than the DOC (23%) and TE (67.82 J) of the common wheat starch. The starches were digested with alpha-amylase (human salivary), beta-amylase (barley malt), pullulanase (Klebsiella pneumoniae), and amyloglucosidase (Aspergillus niger), and the solubilized fraction was separated from the undigested fraction (residue) by centrifugation. Characterization of the sugars in the solubilized fraction from alpha-amylase were glucose, maltose, and oligosaccharides of 3–7 DP, maltose from beta-amylase, maltotriose from pullulanase and glucose from amyloglucosidase. However, the molecular weight (M w) of the residues from the enzymatic digestion of dicoccum wheat starch was slightly higher than that of the common wheat starch. The microscopic examination of residues also exhibited a few bigger chunks in case of dicoccum wheat starch and a large number of smaller sized pieces in the case of common wheat starch. Since, starch is the major component of wheat, these parameters may help to explain subtle differences in the digestibility that exist between common wheat and dicoccum wheat.
Triticum dicoccum 
