Kosher salt (coarse/flaked culinary salt)

Description
• Culinary salt with coarse or flaked crystals, typically non-iodized, valued for easy pinch control, fast dissolution, and traditional use in kashering meat (surface blood removal).
• Sourced from sea evaporation or rock salt deposits; crystal habit may be granular or flaky/pyramidal.
• The word “kosher” refers to form and use; religious compliance requires explicit kosher certification on the label.

Caloric value (per 100 g)
• 0 kcal; sodium ~38–40 g/100 g (as NaCl ~97–100% depending on purity).

Key constituents
• Predominantly sodium chloride (NaCl).
• Trace minerals/impurities (sulfates, magnesium, calcium) vary by origin.
• Optional anti-caking agents (e.g., E535 sodium ferrocyanide, E536 potassium ferrocyanide, E551 silicon dioxide).
• Typically non-iodized (no added iodate/iodide unless stated).

Production process
• Evaporation (solar or vacuum) of brines, or mining/crushing of rock salt.
• Washing and sieving for particle size; recrystallization/flaking for light, flaky grades.
• Drying to target moisture, optional anti-caking, and packaging under GMP/HACCP.

Sensory and technological properties
• Clean salinity; flakes have low bulk density and high surface area → rapid perception and good adhesion.
• High solubility; flakes crumble easily between fingers (precise dosing).
• Volume density varies by brand/process: spoon measures are not interchangeable with table salt → prefer weighing in grams.

Food uses
• Finishing and general seasoning for vegetables, meats, fish.
• Traditional kashering of meats.
• Brines/marinades and barbecue dry rubs.
• Finishing bakery items and glass rimming for cocktails.

Nutrition and health
• No calories; sodium intake can be significant—moderate in low-sodium diets or hypertension.
• Usually not a source of iodine—ensure adequate dietary iodine from other foods if needed.

Quality and specifications (typical topics)
• NaCl %, residual moisture, particle size (mm or mesh), bulk density, water-insolubles.
• Heavy metals and contaminants within limits; free of foreign matter.
• Microbiology not applicable (very low aw), but hygienic packing is essential.

Storage and shelf-life
• Keep dry and tightly closed, away from humidity and odors; flaked salts are more prone to caking.
• Long shelf-life if moisture is excluded; apply FIFO.
• Avoid wet utensils in the container; in humid settings, add desiccant sachets.

Allergens and safety
• No inherent major allergens.
• Check labeling for anti-caking agents and for kosher certification when claimed.

INCI functions in cosmetics
• Sodium Chloride: rheology/viscosity modifier in anionic surfactant systems; mechanical exfoliant in body/foot scrubs.

Troubleshooting
• Caking/clumps: moisture ingress → airtight packaging, permitted anti-caking, dry storage.
• Flat or over-salty results: brand-to-brand bulk density differences → use a scale or brand-specific volume conversions.
• Hard crystals in brines: very coarse grades → pre-dissolve or grind before use.

Sustainability and supply chain
• Sources include solar sea-salt works (low energy) and mines (extractive footprint); manage wash effluents to BOD/COD targets.
• Recyclable packaging; supplier traceability and audits under GMP/HACCP.

Conclusion
Kosher salt combines pinch control, rapid dissolution, and versatility. For consistent results, weigh by grams, protect from moisture, and verify kosher certification where required.

Mini-glossary
• NaCl — Sodium chloride: principal component of salt.
• aw — Water activity: near zero in salt; inhibits microbial growth.
• GMP — Good Manufacturing Practice: hygiene and process-control standards.
• HACCP — Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points: preventive food-safety system with defined CCP.
• BOD/COD — Biochemical/Chemical Oxygen Demand: wastewater impact indicators.
• FIFO — First in, first out: stock rotation using older lots first.
• CCP — Critical Control Point: step where a control prevents/reduces a specific hazard.

Studies

It is recommended to reduce salt consumption as it may cause damage to the cardiovascular system and increase the values of harmful LDL-cholesterol and cause hypertension, obesity and other serious diseases, but there is also diet salt on the market, with a lower percentage of sodium. 

'Salt killer'. This was the title of a well-known and authoritative American newspaper some time ago, explaining in detail the reasons why the overuse of common table salt could cause serious damage to health. In fact, salt is found naturally in almost all foods, so we absorb it daily, but heavy consumption can damage the human body. 

Hypertension: The relationship between salt and hypertension is unequivocal (1), and especially for the elderly, consumption must be reduced (2). For young people, the problems may be minor, but still exist (3). 

Obesity : High salt consumption is associated with overweight and obesity (4). 

Drinks and chips : The amount of salt in drinks, crisps etc. should be controlled, as the combination of salt and sugar (as not only sugar is included, but fructose, dextrose and others) can increase the risk associated with high salt consumption (5). 

Osteoporosis: In this study, despite press campaigns to advise against salt consumption, the results proved rather disappointing (6). The title of the article sums it up well: Important element, but invisible threat. 

So, to summarise, salt is an indispensable element, but one must be very careful not to abuse it. 

Salt is used as a food preservative

Cosmetics

In cosmetics, sodium chloride has the function of increasing the moisturising efficacy of ageing skin, is a thickener in shampoos and conditioners, but is also a co-factor in the eye irritation experienced with most shampoos and can cause dryness and itching of the scalp (7). Skin sodium is a pathophysiological feature of psoriasis (8), a chronic inflammatory skin disease, so high concentrations of sodium chloride should not be present in cosmetic products.

Medical

Sodium chloride is used in numerous medical and pharmaceutical applications: preservative, hypertonic salt solution in conjunction with dextran, production of interleukin-4, antibacterial with biocidal effect against Staphylococcus aureus (9).

Human epidermal stem cells can be stored in anhydrous sodium chloride at room temperature for months as well as some resident immune cells and skin fibroblasts (10).

In the following link you will find the best studies on salt and its health profile.

Salt studies

Sale ed obesità (italian)

Controllare il consumo del sale (italian)

Typical commercial product characteristics Sodium Chloride

Appearance	White powder
Boiling Point	1461 ºC
Melting Point	801°C(lit.)
Flash Point	1413°C
Density	2.165      1.199 g/mL at 20 °C
Refraction Index	n20/D 1.378
Water Solubility	360 g/L (20 ºC)
Storage	+15C to +30C
Potassium Iodate	35±15(20-50) mg/kg
Potassium ferrocyanide	≤10.0
Pb	≤1.0
As	≤0.5
F	≤5.0
Fe	≤0.0002
Ferrous cyanide	≤0.0001
Ba	≤15
Nitrogen	≤0.001
Sulfate	≤0.002
Nitrite	0
Safety

• Molecular Formula  NaCl    ClNa
• Molecular Weight     58.44
• Exact Mass    57.958622
• CAS  7647-14-5
• UNII    451W47IQ8X
• EC Number   231-598-3
• DSSTox Substance ID    DTXSID3021271    DTXSID6040379    DTXSID501033754
• IUPAC  sodium;chloride
• InChI=1S/ClH.Na/h1H;/q;+1/p-1
• InChl Key      FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M
• SMILES   [Na+].[Cl-]
• MDL number  MFCD00003477
• PubChem Substance ID    329824637
• ChEBI  26710
• RXCUI    9863  
• NSC   77364
• RTECS   VZ4725000
• NCI   C29974    C821
• Beilstein    3534976
• NACRES NA.21

Synonyms

• Sodium chloride
• Salt

References__________________________________________________________

(1) Patience S. Understanding the relationship between salt intake and hypertension. Nurs Stand. 2013 Jan 2-8;27(18):45-7. doi: 10.7748/ns2013.01.27.18.45.c9487. 

Abstract. Hypertension is a public health problem that contributes significantly to the non-communicable disease burden. A review of the epidemiological literature demonstrates that the relationship between salt and hypertension is unequivocal. The Department of Health has reported some success promoting awareness of the need to reduce salt consumption, but more work needs to be done in this area.

(2) Borghi C, Tartagni E. The older patient with hypertension: care and cure. Ther Adv Chronic Dis. 2012 Sep;3(5):231-6. doi: 10.1177/2040622312452189. 

Abstract. Hypertension is one of the most important clinical conditions affecting older people. Its prevalence in this group of subjects is above 60% and continues to grow. Isolated systolic hypertension accounts for the majority of cases as systolic blood pressure increases with advancing age, while diastolic blood pressure remains unchanged or even decreases. Nowadays hypertension is a well established risk factor for stroke and cardiovascular disease among older people and its treatment is considered mandatory. The general recommended blood pressure goal in uncomplicated hypertension is less than 140/90 mmHg, even if this target in older people is based mainly on expert opinion. All patients should receive nonpharmacological treatment, in particular reduction in excess body weight when body mass index is greater than 26 kg/m(2) and dietary salt restriction. Older patients with hypertension may also benefit from smoking cessation, physical activity and alcohol restriction. In relation to drug therapy, a low-dose thiazide diuretic could be a good first step. Other first-line drugs are long-acting calcium channel blockers, generally dihydropyridines, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor blockers. The HYVET study showed a specific protective effect of indapamide with or without perindopril in people older than 80 years. Since monotherapy normalizes blood pressure in only 40-50% of cases, a combination of two or more drugs is often required. Moreover the addiction of a second drug may reduce the dose-related adverse effects of the first one. Finally, compliance with treatment should always be achieved by giving complete information to patients and simplifying the drug regimen as much as possible.

He FJ, Campbell NR, MacGregor GA. Reducing salt intake to prevent hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2012 Oct;32(4):293-300. doi: 10.1590/s1020-49892012001000008.

Abstract. There is compelling evidence that dietary salt intake is the major cause of raised blood pressure (BP) and that a reduction in salt intake from the current level of ≈ 9 - 12 g/day in most countries to the recommended level of < 5 g/day lowers BP. A further reduction to 3 - 4 g/day has a greater effect and there needs to be ongoing consideration of lower targets for population salt intake. Cohort studies and outcome trials have demonstrated that a lower salt intake is related to a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease. Salt reduction is one of the most cost-effective measures to improve public health worldwide. In the Americas, a salt intake of > 9 g/day is highly prevalent. Sources of salt in the diet vary hugely among countries; in developed countries, 75% of salt comes from processed foods, whereas in developing countries such as parts of Brazil, 70% comes from salt added during cooking or at the table. To reduce population salt intake, the food industry needs to implement a gradual and sustained reduction in the amount of salt added to foods in developed countries. In developing countries, a public health campaign plays a more important role in encouraging consumers to use less salt coupled with widespread replacement of salt with substitutes that are low in sodium and high in potassium. Numerous countries in the Americas have started salt reduction programs. The challenge now is to engage other countries. A reduction in population salt intake will result in a major improvement in public health along with major health-related cost savings.

(3) Campagnoli T, Gonzalez L, Santa Cruz F. Salt intake and blood pressure in the University of Asuncion-Paraguay youths: a preliminary study. J Bras Nefrol. 2012 Oct-Dec;34(4):361-8. doi: 10.5935/0101-2800.20120026. 

Abstract. Introduction: High salt intake is a major risk factor related to many cardiovascular and renal diseases. World Action on Salt and Health is a newly formed coalition of heath professionals whose goal is to implement changes in salt consumption in their respective countries for the goal of reducing blood pressure. In the same vein, we have decided to study the amount of salt intake in Paraguay to determine if a relationship exists between salt intake and blood pressure. Objective: A preliminary study was undertaken to determine salt intake in Paraguay and its relationship with blood pressure, in order to implement a national program to combat hypertension.... Conclusion: Salt intake and blood pressure were found to be significantly elevated in young adults in Paraguay and argues for the importance of instituting a national campaign to reduce salt intake in this society.

(4) Woodruff SJ, Fryer K, Campbell T, Cole M. Associations among blood pressure, salt consumption and body weight status of students from south-western Ontario. Public Health Nutr. 2014 May;17(5):1114-9. doi: 10.1017/S1368980013000335.

Abstract. Objective: The purpose was to examine the associations among body weight status, blood pressure and daily Na intake among grade 7 students from south-western Ontario, Canada. Design: Cross-sectional. Data were collected using the Food Behaviour Questionnaire, including a 24 h diet recall. Measured height and weight were used to determine BMI. Blood pressure was taken manually using mercury sphygmomanometers.... Conclusions: High intakes of Na, coupled with high SBP and DBP, were associated with overweight and obesity status among the grade 7 sample from south-western Ontario, Canada.

(5) Grimes CA, Riddell LJ, Campbell KJ, Nowson CA. Dietary salt intake, sugar-sweetened beverage consumption, and obesity risk. Pediatrics. 2013 Jan;131(1):14-21. doi: 10.1542/peds.2012-1628.

Abstract. Objective: To determine the association among dietary salt, fluid, and sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption and weight status in a nationally representative sample of Australian children aged 2 to 16 years....Conclusions: Dietary salt intake predicted total fluid consumption and SSB consumption within consumers of SSBs. Furthermore, SSB consumption was associated with obesity risk. In addition to the known benefits of lowering blood pressure, salt reduction strategies may be useful in childhood obesity prevention efforts.

(6) Wick JY. Salt: important element, invisible menace. Consult Pharm. 2012 Nov;27(11):756-62. doi: 10.4140/TCP.n.2012.756.

(7) Staszak K, Wieczorek D, Michocka K. Effect of Sodium Chloride on the Surface and Wetting Properties of Aqueous Solutions of Cocamidopropyl Betaine. J Surfactants Deterg. 2015;18(2):321-328. doi: 10.1007/s11743-014-1644-8.

Abstract. Surfactants are important ingredients of personal care products and household products. The main characteristic of these compounds is to decrease the surface tension of solvent and resulting many properties such as contact angle, foam properties etc. The coexistence of other ingredients in the product may affect the properties of surfactants. One of the main components contained in almost every personal care and household product is sodium chloride. The main aim of this work was to determine the effect of this salt on some surface and usage properties of cocamidopropyl betaine (CAPB). From our experiments it was shown that the effect of added sodium chloride in the aqueous solutions of CAPB on the properties is the opposite to the one described in the literature for cationic and anionic surfactants, i.e., CMC increases with increasing ionic strength, foam height decreases with increasing salt concentration. Our investigation showed that sodium chloride makes worse the properties of the CAPB solutions examined in this work.

(8) Maifeld A, Wild J, Karlsen TV, Rakova N, Wistorf E, Linz P, Jung R, Birukov A, Gimenez-Rivera VA, Wilck N, Bartolomaeus T, Dechend R, Kleinewietfeld M, Forslund SK, Krause A, Kokolakis G, Philipp S, Clausen BE, Brand A, Waisman A, Kurschus FC, Wegner J, Schultheis M, Luft FC, Boschmann M, Kelm M, Wiig H, Kuehne T, Müller DN, Karbach S, Markó L. Skin Sodium Accumulates in Psoriasis and Reflects Disease Severity. J Invest Dermatol. 2022 Jan;142(1):166-178.e8. doi: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.06.013. 

(9) Popova, T., Petrova, T., Karadzhov, S. and Krustanova, G., 2016. Investigation of the Biocidal effect of electrochemically activated aqueous sodium chloride solution on Staphylococcus aureus. Traditions and Modernity in Veterinary Medicine. Scientific Journal of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of University of Forestry, Sofia, 1(1), pp.67-72.

Abstract. Studies were carried out to determine the sensitivity of Staphylococcus aureus to electrochemically activated 3% aqueous sodium chloride solution (anolyte) in different concentrations – 100 %, 50 %, 25 % and 12.5 %. As a control was used the disinfectant Virkon S, applied at final concentrations of 1 %, 0.5 %, 0.25 % and 0.125 %. Two referent strains of S. aureus were used – ATCC and Kowan. It had been found that the anolyte in concentrations of 50 and 100 % inactivates the cells of S. aureus ATCC in suspension at a density of 106 cells/ml within 5 min. After 10 minutes of impact and lower concentrations (25 and 12.5 %) had a bactericidal effect. The anolyte in all tested concentration (12.5 to 100 %) had a bactericidal effect on the cells of S. aureus Kowan in suspension with concentration of 106 cells/ml in 10-minutes. Shorter intervals tested (2 min and 5min) were not sufficient for achieving bactericidal action even at a concentration of anolyte 50 and 100 %, while after 10 min and even smaller concentrations (25 and 12.5 %) had such action. S. aureus ATCC showed slightly higher sensitivity to anolyte and Virkon S compared to the other tested strain Kowan. The effect of the control disinfectant Virkon S on the tested staphylococcal strains was completely analogous to that of the anolyte.

(9) Olszewski WL, Moscicka M, Zolich D, Machowski Z. Human keratinocyte stem cells survive for months in sodium chloride and can be successfully transplanted. Transplant Proc. 2005 Jan-Feb;37(1):525-6. doi: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2004.12.174. 

Abstract. Human skin fragments can be preserved in anhydric sodium chloride at room temperature for periods of weeks or months and successfully transplanted, retaining normal morphological structure. Skin fragments of 10 x 10 x 6 mm were harvested during elective vascular and orthopedic surgery of lower limbs, dried of blood, and placed in anhydric sodium chloride powder in tightly sealed containers. Prior to transplantation to scid mice, the specimens were desalinated and rehydrated. Specimens preserved for 1-6 months and harvested 3-4 weeks after transplantation revealed intensive incorporation of bromdeoxyuridine (BdUR) into basal keratinocytes (stem cells). They expressed p63 and CD29 (stem cells and transient cells antigens), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and cytokeratin 16 specific for proliferating keratinocytes. We conclude that human epidermal stem cells can survive in a dehydrated state in sodium chloride for months and after transplantation give rise to

Wenstedt EFE, Beugelink L, Schrooten EM, Rademaker E, Rorije NMG, Wouda RD, Schlingemann RO, Wong TY, Vogt L. High-salt intake affects retinal vascular tortuosity in healthy males: an exploratory randomized cross-over trial. Sci Rep. 2021 Jan 12;11(1):801. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-79753-6.

Abstract. The retinal microcirculation is increasingly receiving credit as a relatively easily accessible microcirculatory bed that correlates closely with clinical cardiovascular outcomes. The effect of high salt (NaCl) intake on the retinal microcirculation is currently unknown. Therefore, we performed an exploratory randomized cross-over dietary intervention study in 18 healthy males. All subjects adhered to a two-week high-salt diet and low-salt diet, in randomized order, after which fundus photographs were taken and assessed using a semi-automated computer-assisted program (SIVA, version 4.0). Outcome parameters involved retinal venular and arteriolar tortuosity, vessel diameter, branching angle and fractal dimension. At baseline, participants had a mean (SD) age of 29.8 (4.4) years and blood pressure of 117 (9)/73 (5) mmHg. Overall, high-salt diet significantly increased venular tortuosity (12.2%, p = 0.001). Other retinal parameters were not significantly different between diets. Changes in arteriolar tortuosity correlated with changes in ambulatory systolic blood pressure (r = - 0.513; p = 0.04). In conclusion, high-salt diet increases retinal venular tortuosity, and salt-induced increases in ambulatory systolic blood pressure associate with decreases in retinal arteriolar tortuosity. Besides potential eye-specific consequences, both phenomena have previously been associated with hypertension and other cardiovascular risk factors, underlining the deleterious microcirculatory effects of high salt intake.

Piecha G, Koleganova N, Ritz E, Müller A, Fedorova OV, Bagrov AY, Lutz D, Schirmacher P, Gross-Weissmann ML. High salt intake causes adverse fetal programming--vascular effects beyond blood pressure. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2012 Sep;27(9):3464-76. doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfs027. 

Abstract. Background: High salt intake causes hypertension, adverse cardiovascular outcomes and potentially also blood pressure (BP)-independent target organ damage. Excess salt intake in pregnancy is known to affect BP in the offspring. The present study was designed to assess whether high salt intake in pregnancy affects BP and vascular morphology in the offspring. Methods: Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a standard rodent diet with low-normal (0.15%) or high (8.0%) salt content during pregnancy and lactation. After weaning at 4 weeks of age, offspring were maintained on the same diet or switched to a high- or low-salt diet, respectively. Vascular geometry was assessed in male offspring at 7 and 12 weeks postnatally. Results: Up to 12 weeks of age, there was no significant difference in telemetrically measured BP between the groups of offspring. At 12 weeks of age, wall thickness of central (aorta, carotid), muscular (mesenteric) and intrapulmonary arteries was significantly higher in offspring of mothers on a high-salt diet irrespective of the post-weaning diet. This correlated with increased fibrosis of the aortic wall, more intense nitrotyrosine staining as well as elevated levels of marinobufagenin (MBG) and asymmetric dimethyl arginine (ADMA). Conclusions: High salt intake in pregnant rats has long-lasting effects on the modeling of central and muscular arteries in the offspring independent of postnatal salt intake and BP. Circulating MBG and ADMA and local oxidative stress correlate with the adverse vascular modeling.

Oberleithner H, Peters W, Kusche-Vihrog K, Korte S, Schillers H, Kliche K, Oberleithner K. Salt overload damages the glycocalyx sodium barrier of vascular endothelium. Pflugers Arch. 2011 Oct;462(4):519-28. doi: 10.1007/s00424-011-0999-1. 

Abstract. Sodium overload stiffens vascular endothelial cells in vitro and promotes arterial hypertension in vivo. The hypothesis was tested that the endothelial glycocalyx (eGC), a mesh of anionic bi