Carob concentrate (Ceratonia siliqua L.; derived from pod pulp)

Preparation obtained by aqueous extraction of carob pulp followed by vacuum concentration to high °Brix (carob syrup/molasses). It features a caramel–malty aroma with a light “cocoa-like” echo and is naturally free of caffeine and theobromine. Used as a natural sweetener, flavor base, and light brown colorant, and as a technical source of solids and moisture (humectant function).

Caloric value (per 100 g of product)
Aqueous concentrate (syrup/molasses): typically ~250–330 kcal/100 g (proportional to °Brix).
Energy contribution in recipes depends on °Brix, viscosity, and inclusion level.

Key constituents
Sugars: predominantly sucrose, with glucose and fructose; traces of oligosaccharides.
Polyphenols: condensed tannins and phenolic acids (e.g., gallic) contributing color and mild astringency.
Pectic fractions: present in traces (clarification dependent).
Minerals: naturally present (modest ash).
Cyclitols: D-pinitol at variable levels.
Analytical markers: °Brix (soluble solids), relative density, pH (slightly acidic), Lab* color, TPC (total phenolic content); optional HMF as a heat-treatment indicator.

Production process
Raw material: mature pods → separation of seeds and pulp (seeds used for LBG/E410).
Extraction: hot water, batch or continuous (controlled pH and time).
Clarification: filtration/settling; optional selective decolorization for lighter applications.
Concentration: vacuum evaporation to target °Brix; adjustment of viscosity and sensory profile.
Standardization & packing: control °Brix/pH/color; fill into low-permeability barrier packs under GMP/HACCP.

Sensory and technological properties
Aroma/color: sweet caramel/malt; brown hue from light to medium.
Functionality: provides sweetness, body, and water binding (humectancy); imparts moderate viscosity and gloss in sauces/toppings.
Compatibility: tannins may complex proteins causing haze/precipitates in beverages; pH governs color and stability.

Food applications
Hot/instant beverages; flavoring syrups and toppings; jams and sweet sauces; ice cream and dairy; baked goods and fillings; cereals/snacks; cocoa-like bases without caffeine/theobromine.
Indicative dosages: 3–15% of formula as a partial sweetener (per °Brix and color target); 0.2–1.0% (as is) for an aromatic note in beverages. Pilot trials recommended to balance sweetness, color, and texture.

Nutrition and health
Supplies simple sugars and modest polyphenols with in-vitro antioxidant activity; natural absence of caffeine/theobromine suits sensitive consumers. In foods, any health claims require specific authorization.

Quality and specifications (typical topics)
°Brix/density, pH, Lab* color, viscosity (defined T/shear), TPC.
Contaminants: pesticides/metals within limits; OTA (ochratoxin A) and microbiology compliant.
Thermal indicator: HMF kept within limits (avoid overheating).
Sensory: clean caramel profile free from burnt or musty notes.

Storage and shelf life
Protect from light and oxygen (DO low) and from humidity; use low-permeability containers, tightly closed.
Manage pH and aw to limit crystallization and fermentation; avoid thermal shock.
Apply FIFO rotation.

Allergens and safety
Carob is not a major allergen; manage potential cross-contamination (gluten/soy/tree nuts) in multi-line sites. Food product intended for dilution/technological use; ensure proper line sanitation.

INCI functions in cosmetics
Typical entry: Ceratonia Siliqua (Carob) Fruit Extract (liquid or concentrated).
Roles: skin conditioning, mild humectant, light masking; suitable for toners, gels, and leave-ons (ensure adequate preservation).

Troubleshooting
Haze/precipitates in beverages: polyphenol–protein/ion complexes → clarify, fine-filter, use mild chelants; optimize pH and water hardness.
Crystallization: high °Brix + thermal shock → control thermal profile, adjust sugar ratios, apply seeding or permitted inhibitors.
Color shift/fading: light/high DO or suboptimal pH → protect from light/oxygen, lightly acidify within product limits.
Perceived astringency: high dose/tannins → reduce dose, increase sugars/fats, select sweeter/refined fractions.
Lot variability: origin/process/roast → tighten specs on °Brix/pH/color/TPC.

Sustainability and supply chain
Mediterranean xerophytic crop with low water inputs; the concentrate valorizes pulp side streams (upcycling). Plant practices: energy recovery, effluent management to BOD/COD targets, recyclable packaging, humidity-controlled logistics.

Conclusion
Carob concentrate combines natural sweetness, brown hues, and technological functionality (body, water retention, moderate viscosity). Performance depends on °Brix, pH, color profile, protection from light/oxygen, and rigorous process and quality standardization.

Mini-glossary
°Brix — soluble solids. • TPC — total phenolic content. • HMF — 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (thermal marker). • DO — dissolved oxygen. • aw/RH — water activity/relative humidity. • OTA — ochratoxin A. • GMP/HACCP — good manufacturing practice/hazard analysis and critical control points. • FIFO — first in, first out.

References__________________________________________________________________________

Micheli L, Muraglia M, Corbo F, Venturi D, Clodoveo ML, Tardugno R, Santoro V, Piccinelli AL, Di Cesare Mannelli L, Nobili S, Ghelardini C. The Unripe Carob Extract (Ceratonia siliqua L.) as a Potential Therapeutic Strategy to Fight Oxaliplatin-Induced Neuropathy. Nutrients. 2024 Dec 30;17(1):121. doi: 10.3390/nu17010121. 

Abstract. Background: Oxaliplatin-induced neuropathy (OIN) is a severe painful condition that strongly affects the patient's quality of life and cannot be counteracted by the available drugs or adjuvants. Thus, several efforts are devoted to discovering substances that can revert or reduce OIN, including natural compounds. The carob tree, Ceratonia siliqua L., possesses several beneficial properties. However, its antalgic properties have not been substantially investigated and only a few investigations have been conducted on the unripe carob (up-CS) pods. Thus, the aims of this study were to evaluate for the first time the unripe variety of Apulian carob, chemically characterized and profiled as antioxidant potential of polyphenolic compounds as well as to investigate the ability of up-CS to reduce the neurotoxicity in a mouse model of oxaliplatin-induced neuropathic pain. Methods: By UHPLC-HRMS/MS analyses, 50 phenolic compounds, belonging mainly to n-galloylated glucoses and flavonoids were detected. Results: In a mouse model of oxaliplatin-induced neurotoxicity (2.4 mg/kg, 10 injections over two weeks), acute per os treatment with up-CS provoked a dose-dependent pain-relieving effect that completely counteracted oxaliplatin hypersensitivity at the dose of 200 mg/kg. Repeated oral administration of up-CS (100 mg/kg), concomitantly with oxaliplatin injection, exerted a protective effect against the development of thermal and mechanical allodynia. In addition, up-CS exerted a neuroprotective role against oxaliplatin-induced astrocytes activation in the spinal cord measured as GFAP-fluorescence intensity. Conclusions: Overall, our study contributes to the knowledge on up-CS properties by highlighting its protective activity in the painful condition related to the administration of oxaliplatin.

Micheletti C, Medori MC, Bonetti G, Iaconelli A, Aquilanti B, Matera G, Bertelli M. Effects of Carob Extract on the Intestinal Microbiome and Glucose Metabolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Clin Ter. 2023 Nov-Dec;174(Suppl 2(6)):169-172.

Abstract. The legume tree known as carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) is indigenous to the Mediterranean area and over the centuries its pods had been traditionally used mostly as animal feed. However, it has gained great attention in human nutrition due to the molecular compounds it contains, which could offer many potential health benefits: for example, carob is renowned for its high content of fiber, vitamins, and minerals. Moreover, in traditional medicine it is credited with the ability to control glucose metabolism and gut microbiome. Modern science has also extensively acknowledged the numerous health advantages deriving from its consumption, including its anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. Due to its abundant contents of pectin, gums, and polyphenols (such as pinitol), carob has garnered significant attention as a well-researched plant with remarkable therapeutic properties. Notably, carob is extensively used in the production of semi-finished pastry products, particularly in ice cream and other creams (especially as a substitute for cocoa/chocolate): these applications indeed facilitate the exploration of its positive effects on glucose metabolism. Our study aimed at examining the effects of carob extract on intestinal microbiota and glucose metabolism. In this review, we conducted a thorough examination, comprising in vitro, in vivo, and clinical trials to appraise the consequences on human health of polyphenols and pectin from different carob species, including recently discovered ones with high polyphenol contents. Our goal was to learn more about the mechanisms through which carob extract can support a balanced gut flora and improve one's glucose metabolism. These results could influence the creation of novel functional foods and dietary supplements, to help with the management and prevention of chronic illnesses like diabetes and obesity.

Fujita K, Norikura T, Matsui-Yuasa I, Kumazawa S, Honda S, Sonoda T, Kojima-Yuasa A. Carob pod polyphenols suppress the differentiation of adipocytes through posttranscriptional regulation of C/EBPβ. PLoS One. 2021 Mar 8;16(3):e0248073. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248073. 

Abstract. Obesity is a major risk factor for various chronic diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer; hence, there is an urgent need for an effective strategy to prevent this disorder. Currently, the anti-obesity effects of food ingredients are drawing attention. Therefore, we focused on carob, which has high antioxidant capacity and various physiological effects, and examined its anti-obesity effect. Carob is cultivated in the Mediterranean region, and its roasted powder is used as a substitute for cocoa powder. We investigated the effect of carob pod polyphenols (CPPs) on suppressing increases in adipose tissue weight and adipocyte hypertrophy in high fat diet-induced obesity model mice, and the mechanism by which CPPs inhibit the differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes into adipocytes in vitro. In an in vivo experimental system, we revealed that CPPs significantly suppressed the increase in adipose tissue weight and adipocyte hypertrophy. Moreover, in an in vitro experimental system, CPPs acted at the early stage of differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and suppressed cell proliferation because of differentiation induction. They also suppressed the expression of transcription factors involved in adipocyte differentiation, thereby reducing triacylglycerol synthesis ability and triglycerol (TG) accumulation. Notably, CPPs regulated CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP)β, which is expressed at the early stage of differentiation, at the posttranscriptional level. These results demonstrate that CPPs suppress the differentiation of adipocytes through the posttranscriptional regulation of C/EBPβ and may serve as an effective anti-obesity compound.

van Rijs P , Fogliano V . Roasting carob flour decreases the capacity to bind glycoconjugates of bile acids. Food Funct. 2020 Jul 1;11(7):5924-5932. doi: 10.1039/d0fo01158d. 

Abstract. Carob is the fruit obtained from Ceratonia siliqua L. and it is a source of bioactive compounds that have been linked to several health promoting effects, including lowering blood cholesterol concentration. The objective of this study was to connect the physicochemical changes of carob flour occurring during roasting with its capacity to bind glycoconjugates of bile acids. Carob flour samples were roasted for different times at 150 °C and chemically characterized by measuring the concentrations of tannins and polyphenols. Data showed that carob flour binds high amounts of bile acids: 732.6 μmol of bound bile acid per g of carob flour which is comparable to the 836.2 μmol per g bound by cholestyramine, a known cholesterol lowering drug. The carob flour ability to bind cholesterol decreases up to 40% during roasting. Data suggested that tannins and insoluble components play a major role in binding bile salts, as a result of hydrophobic interactions.

Ioannou GD, Savva IK, Christou A, Stavrou IJ, Kapnissi-Christodoulou CP. Phenolic Profile, Antioxidant Activity, and Chemometric Classification of Carob Pulp and Products. Molecules. 2023 Feb 28;28(5):2269. doi: 10.3390/molecules28052269. 

Abstract. In recent years, carob and its derived products have gained wide attention due to their health-promoting effects, which are mainly attributed to their phenolic compounds. Carob samples (carob pulps, powders, and syrups) were analyzed to investigate their phenolic profile using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), with gallic acid and rutin being the most abundant compounds. Moreover, the antioxidant capacity and total phenolic content of the samples were estimated through DPPH (IC50 98.83-488.47 mg extract/mL), FRAP (48.58-144.32 μmol TE/g product), and Folin-Ciocalteu (7.20-23.18 mg GAE/g product) spectrophotometric assays. The effect of thermal treatment and geographical origin of carobs and carob-derived products on their phenolic composition was assessed. Both factors significantly affect the concentrations of secondary metabolites and, therefore, samples' antioxidant activity (p-value < 10-7). The obtained results (antioxidant activity and phenolic profile) were evaluated via chemometrics, through a preliminary principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least square-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). The OPLS-DA model performed satisfactorily, differentiating all samples according to their matrix. Our results indicate that polyphenols and antioxidant capacity can be chemical markers for the classification of carob and its derived products.

Villalva M, García-Díez E, López de Las Hazas MDC, Lo Iacono O, Vicente-Díez JI, García-Cabrera S, Alonso-Bernáldez M, Dávalos A, Martín MÁ, Ramos S, Pérez-Jiménez J. Cocoa-carob blend acute intake modifies miRNAs related to insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetic subjects: a randomised controlled nutritional trial. Food Funct. 2025 Apr 14;16(8):3211-3226. doi: 10.1039/d4fo04498c. 

Abstract. Postprandial metabolic disturbances are exacerbated in type 2 diabetes (T2D). Cocoa and carob, despite showing promising effects on these alterations in preclinical studies, have not yet been jointly tested in a clinical trial. Therefore, this acute, randomised, controlled, crossover nutritional trial evaluated the postprandial effects of a cocoa-carob blend (CCB) in participants with T2D (n = 20) and overweight/obesity. The subjects followed three treatments: hypercaloric breakfast (high-sugar and high-saturated fat, 900 kcal) as the control (treatment C); the same breakfast together with 10 g of the CCB, with 5.6 g of dietary fibre and 1.6 g of total polyphenols (treatment A); and the same breakfast after consuming the CCB (10 g) the night before (treatment B). Various analyses were performed, including the determination of the clinical markers of T2D (fasting and postprandial glucose and insulin, GLP-1, and glycaemic profile), satiety evaluation, analysis of exosomal miRNA expression and ex vivo determination of inflammation modulation. No effect on glucose homeostasis (glucose, insulin, and GLP-1) was found in the study population. However, eight exosomal miRNAs were found to be significantly modified owing to CCB supplementation compared with treatment C, with three of them (miR-20A-5p, miR-23A-3p, and miR-17-5p) associated with an improvement in insulin sensitivity. Furthermore, the CCB caused a decrease in hunger feelings (0-120 min), as assessed by the visual analogue scale (VAS). Finally, treatment A caused a significant decrease in the glucose increment within 0-30 min of treatment in subjects with overweight. No significant modifications were found in the other assessed parameters. The acute intake of the CCB by subjects with T2D showed modest although significant results, which need to be validated in a long-term randomised controlled trial.