Pigment Red 68: properties, uses, pros, cons, safety
Pigment Red 68 is a chemical compound, an azo synthetic red dye also known by the name CI 15525
Chemical name:
calcium;disodium;4-carboxy-5-chloro-2-[(2-oxidonaphthalen-1 yl)diazenyl]benzenesulfonate
What it is used for and where
Cosmetics - INCI Functions
Colorant. It is an ingredient that makes the final product more attractive from an aesthetic point of view, but can pose a potential health risk with undesirable side effects especially when used continuously as it can be absorbed through the skin or mucous membranes.
Restricted cosmetic ingredient as IV/22 a Relevant Item in the Annexes of the European Cosmetics Regulation 1223/2009. Substance or ingredient reported: Calcium disodium bis[2-chloro-5-[(2-hydroxy-1-naphthyl)azo]-4-sulphonatobenzoate]
Alternatives
| Option (INCI) | Product type | Key advantages |
|---|
| CI 77491 (Iron Oxides) | Mineral red pigment | High stability (light/heat), good coverage, suitable for matte/earthy reds and for blends to tune the shade. |
| Mica (CI 77019) | Mineral effect pigment (pearlescent) | Adds radiance and sheen (not a full red on its own), improves slip and payoff, useful in makeup for pearly pink/red effects in blends.
|
The problem with azo dyes (monoazo or diazo) is photocatalytic degradation leading to oxidation and the subsequent formation of impurities such as aromatic amines, some of which have carcinogenic activity (1).
Molecular Formula C34H18CaCl2N4Na2O12S2
Molecular Weight 895.6 g/mol
CAS 5850-80-6
EC number 227-456-5
UNII 8G74PB649I
DTXSID2064024
Synonyms:
CI 15525
PERMANENT RED NCR
PERMANENT RED TONER NCR
Bibliografia_____________________________________________________________________
(1) Chung KT, Stevens SE Jr, Cerniglia CE. The reduction of azo dyes by the intestinal microflora. Crit Rev Microbiol. 1992;18(3):175-90. doi: 10.3109/10408419209114557.
Abstract. Azo dyes are widely used in the textile, printing, paper manufacturing, pharmaceutical, and food industries and also in research laboratories. When these compounds either inadvertently or by design enter the body through ingestion, they are metabolized to aromatic amines by intestinal microorganisms. Reductive enzymes in the liver can also catalyze the reductive cleavage of the azo linkage to produce aromatic amines. However, evidence indicates that the intestinal microbial azoreductase may be more important than the liver enzymes in azo reduction. In this article, we examine the significance of the capacity of intestinal bacteria to reduce azo dyes and the conditions of azo reduction. Many azo dyes, such as Acid Yellow, Amaranth, Azodisalicylate, Chicago Sky Blue, Congo Red, Direct Black 38, Direct Blue 6, Direct Blue 15, Direct Brown 95, Fast Yellow, Lithol Red, Methyl Orange, Methyl Red, Methyl Yellow, Naphthalene Fast Orange 2G, Neoprontosil, New Coccine, Orange II, Phenylazo-2-naphthol, Ponceau 3R, Ponceau SX, Red 2G, Red 10B, Salicylazosulphapyridine, Sunset Yellow, Tartrazine, and Trypan Blue, are included in this article. A wide variety of anaerobic bacteria isolated from caecal or fecal contents from experimental animals and humans have the ability to cleave the azo linkage(s) to produce aromatic amines. Azoreductase(s) catalyze these reactions and have been found to be oxygen sensitive and to require flavins for optimal activity. The azoreductase activity in a variety of intestinal preparations was affected by various dietary factors such as cellulose, proteins, fibers, antibiotics, or supplementation with live cultures of lactobacilli.
Pigment Red 68 
