2-aminoethanol: properties, uses, pros, cons, safety, alternatives

2-aminoethanol (Monoethanolamine or MEA or ethanolamine) is a chemical compound belonging to the first generation of ethanolamines, is a primary amine and is a strong alkaline agent, corrosion inhibitor and chemical intermediate.

The name defines the structure of the molecule:

• Mono-  indicates an ethanol group in the molecule.
• Ethanol- refers to the ethanol portion of the carbon of the molecule, which includes a hydroxyl (-OH) group.
• -amine indicates the presence of an amino group (-NH2) in the molecule.

The monoethanolamine synthesis process takes place in several stages:

• Preparation of raw materials: ethylene oxide and ammonia. Ethylene oxide is a cyclic ether and is highly reactive due to the tension in the three-member ring. Ammonia is a weak base that can react with ethylene oxide.
• Reaction. The reaction between ethylene oxide and ammonia takes place in a reactor. Ethylene oxide is added to ammonia under controlled conditions of temperature and pressure. The reaction is exothermic, that is, it releases heat.
• Purification.The reaction mixture is purified to remove any raw materials and unreacted by-products through a distillation process, where the mixture is heated and the different components are separated according to their boiling points.
• Quality control. The final product is tested to ensure that it meets the required specifications by verifying the pH, density and purity of monoethanolamine.

It appears as a colourless liquid.

Safety. MEA should not be included in products formulated as aerosols and in products containing N-nitroso. Scientific literature agrees that MEA has the ability to penetrate and absorb into the skin and cause skin irritation, especially on the scalp (1).

What it is used for and where

It is one of the most common amines, used for years to absorb hydrogen sulphide and carbon dioxide from natural gases.

Cosmetics

Cosmetic safety. It is a restricted ingredient as III/61 a Relevant Item in the Annexes of the European Cosmetics Regulation 1223/2009. Ingredient at risk:  Monoalkylamines, monoalkanolamines and their salts. 

Maximum concentration in ready for use preparation    Maximum secondary amine content: 0.5%

Other    - Do not use with nitrosating systems - Minimum purity: 99% - Maximum secondary amine content: 0.5% (applies to raw materials) - Maximum nitrosamine content: 50 microgram/kg - Keep in nitrite-free containers

• Buffering agent. It is an iingredient that can bring an alkaline or acid solution to a certain pH level and prevent it from changing, in practice a pH stabiliser that can effectively resist instability and pH change.
• Hair conditioning agent. A large number of ingredients with specific purposes can co-exist in a hair shampoo: cleansers, conditioners, thickeners, mattifying agents, sequestering agents, fragrances, preservatives, special additives. However, the indispensable ingredients are the cleansers and conditioners as they are necessary and sufficient for hair cleansing and manageability. The others act as commercial and non-essential auxiliaries such as: appearance, fragrance, colouring, etc. Hair conditioning agents have the task of increasing shine, manageability and volume, and reducing static electricity, especially after treatments such as colouring, ironing, waving, drying and brushing. They are, in practice, dispersing agents that may contain cationic surfactants, thickeners, emollients, polymers. The typology of hair conditioners includes: intensive conditioners, instant conditioners, thickening conditioners, drying conditioners.
• Skin conditioning agent - Miscellaneous.  Ingredient that has the task of modifying the condition of the skin when it is damaged or dry by reducing its flakiness and restoring its elasticity.
• Surfactant - Foam booster. Their function is to introduce gas bubbles into the water for a purely aesthetic factor, which does not affect the cleaning process, but only satisfies the commercial aspect of the detergent by helping to spread the detergent on the hair. This helps in the commercial success of a shampoo formulation. Since sebum has an inhibiting action on the bubble, more foam is produced in the second shampoo.

Other uses

• Chemical reagent
• Corrosion inhibitor
• Gas chromatographic liquid
• Solvent
• Lightening agent for printing and dyeing
• Fabric mothproofing agent

Alternatives

The most relevant studies on this ingredient have been selected with a summary of their contents:

Ethanolamine MEA studies

Typical commercial product characteristics MEA

Appearance	Transparent colorless liquid
Boiling Point	170.9±0.0 °C at 760 mmHg
Melting Point	10-11 °C(lit.)
Flash Point	93.3±0.0 °C
Density	1.0±0.1 g/cm3
Refraction Index	1.435
Vapor Pressure	0.5±0.7 mmHg at 25°C
Vapor density	2.1
PSA	46.25000
LogP	-1.31
Monoethanolamine	99.7 ω/%
Diethanolamine	0.1 ω/%
Distillate volume	95 at 168~174℃
Chemical Safety

• Molecular Formula    H₂NCH₂CH₂OH    C₂H₇NO
• Molecular Weight      61.08
• Exact Mass    61.052765
• CAS  141-43-5
• UNII    5KV86114PT
• EC Number   205-483-3
• DSSTox Substance ID  DTXSID6022000
• IUPAC  2-aminoethanol
• InChl=1S/C2H7NO/c3-1-2-4/h4H,1-3H2
• InChl Key      HZAXFHJVJLSVMW-UHFFFAOYSA-N
• SMILES  C(CO)N
• MDL number  MFCD00008183
• PubChem Substance ID    329799085
• ChEBI  16000
• Beilstein    505944
• RTECS  KJ5775000
• NCI    C61756
• ICSC    0152
• NACRES NA.25   
• UN    2491
• RXCUI  24457

Synonyms:

• 2-Hydroxyethylamine
• 1-amino-2-hydroxy-ethane
• aminomethylpropanol
• 2-Aminoethanol,2-Aminoethyl alcohol,ETA
• 1-Amino-2-butanol
• MEA
• Ethanolamine
• amino-2-butanol
• mono-sec-butanolamine
• 2-Butanol,1-amino

References_____________________________________________________________________

(1) Geier J, Lessmann H, Dickel H, Frosch PJ, Koch P, Becker D, Jappe U, Aberer W, Schnuch A, Uter W. Patch test results with the metalworking fluid series of the German Contact Dermatitis Research Group (DKG). Contact Dermatitis. 2004 Sep;51(3):118-30. doi: 10.1111/j.0105-1873.2004.00416.x.