E282 (Calcium propionate) is a chemical compound, a natural short-chain fatty salt. Calcium propionate is the calcium salt of propionic acid and a widely used antimold preservative for bread and other baked goods. By slowing surface mold growth and some spoilage bacteria, it extends shelf life without resorting to harsher heat treatments.
It occurs in the form of a white powder.
Mode of action and effective window
In slightly acidic systems, the undissociated propionic acid form diffuses into microbial cells and disrupts metabolism by acidifying the cytoplasm and interfering with key enzymes. Efficacy increases as pH decreases and water activity is moderate to low—conditions typical of many pan breads, rolls, and sweet baked goods. Propionates display strong antifungal activity and comparatively limited impact on baker’s yeast at standard use levels, so fermentation is usually preserved.
Target organisms and limitations
Calcium propionate is effective against a broad range of molds commonly seen on bread and cakes. Its activity against bacteria is modest; therefore, controlling rope spoilage from Bacillus species relies primarily on hygienic design, proper baking and cooling, rapid passage through the “danger zone,” and, where appropriate, complementary hurdles.
Primary applications
• Packaged breads and buns, sliced loaves, flatbreads, focaccia, piadine, muffins, and snack cakes.
• Dry and low-moisture items such as breadsticks, crackers, and baked snacks, where low water activity acts synergistically.
• Fillings and soft products intended for ambient distribution when permitted by regulation.
Typical dosages and how to use
• Bread and rolls: 0.1–0.3% on flour weight (about 1–3 g per kg flour), adjusted for pH, moisture, and desired shelf life.
• Addition points: direct to dough, via premix, or as an aqueous dispersion for uniformity.
• Acidulants (for example cultured wheat, lactic or acetic systems, sourdough) can enhance efficacy by shifting equilibrium toward undissociated acid.
• Labeling generally allows “calcium propionate” or “E282,” per local rules.
Sensory impact and process interactions
At proper levels, sensory impact is minimal compared with some other preservative classes. Overdosing can introduce faint salty or alkaline notes and, in some formulas, slightly tighten gluten due to calcium ions. Bakers can counterbalance with hydration, mixing time, dough conditioners, enzymes, or emulsifiers. Effectiveness improves when combined with barrier packaging, clean slicing/handling, and fast post-bake cooling.
Medical
Calcium propionate is a source of energy and calcium to alleviate negative energy balance and hypocalcaemia.
Cosmetics
It is a restricted ingredient V/2 as Relevant item in the Annexes of the European Cosmetics Regulation 1223/2009. Maximum concentration in the ready-for-use preparation 2%.
Preservative. Any product containing organic, inorganic compounds, water, needs to be preserved from microbial contamination. Preservatives act against the development of harmful microorganisms and against oxidation of the product.
Raw-material quality and specifications
Food-grade calcium propionate should meet assay, moisture, and purity specifications, including low heavy metals, compliant solution pH, appropriate particle size for even dispersion, and absence of off-odors. Supplier qualification, certificates of analysis, and lot traceability are best practice.
Food safety and regulatory overview
Calcium propionate is broadly permitted as a preservative in baked goods; exact limits and allowed categories vary by jurisdiction. A “minimum effective dose” philosophy is recommended, tailored to recipe, process, packaging, and intended shelf life, and accompanied by clear additive declaration on labeling.
Shelf-life management in finished products
When integrated with good manufacturing practices, calcium propionate suppresses mold initiation and growth, helping maintain softness and flavor over time. Realized shelf life also depends on residual moisture, pH, post-bake microbial load, packaging (for example low-oxygen films, modified atmosphere), distribution conditions, and storage temperature.
Troubleshooting
• Early mold despite preservative: Check cooling (condensation), slicer and conveyor hygiene, seal integrity, dose uniformity, and film oxygen transmission rate.
• Perceived salty/alkaline taste: Revisit dosage or dosing method; consider splitting additions or increasing acidulant support.
• Slowed proofing: Verify that dosage is within range; adjust flour strength, yeast level, dough temperature, and fermentation times as needed.
• Edge or seam mold in packs: Investigate moisture traps, residual oxygen, and mechanical stresses; upgrade barrier or add oxygen scavengers where allowed.
Sustainability and supply chain
Extending shelf life reduces returns and waste in ambient bakery logistics. Responsible use of calcium propionate, coupled with hygienic design and optimized packaging, supports both quality goals and waste-reduction targets.
The most relevant studies on this ingredient have been selected with a summary of their contents:
"Calcium propionate studies"
- Molecular Formula C6H10O4Ca C6H10CaO4
- Linear Formula (CH3CH2COO)2Ca
- Molecular Weight 186.22 g/mol
- UNII 8AI80040KW
- CAS 4075-81-4
- EC Number: 223-795-8
- PubChem Substance ID 329751623
- MDL number MFCD00036137
- Beilstein Registry Number 3698682
Synonyms:
- Calcium dipropionate
- Propionic acid calcium salt
- Calcium propanoate
- Mycoban
- Propanoic acid, calcium salt
- Propionic acid calcium salt hydrate
- calciumpropionate
- calcium;propanoate
- Calciumdipropionate
- Bioban-C
E282 
