3',8″-Dimerization Enhances the Antioxidant Capacity of Flavonoids: Evidence from Acacetin and Isoginkgetin.
Li X, Ouyang X, Cai R, Chen D.
Molecules. 2019 May 28;24(11). pii: E2039. doi: 10.3390/molecules24112039

Fruit-based juices: Focus on antioxidant properties-Study approach and update.
Durazzo A, Lucarini M, Novellino E, Daliu P, Santini A.
Phytother Res. 2019 Jun 2. doi: 10.1002/ptr.6380. [Epub ahead of print] Review.

The Effect of Flavonoids on Chronic Prostatitis: A Meta-analysis of Published Randomized Controlled Trials.
Guan Q, Zheng Y, Wei X, Wang S, Su B, Yu S.
J Natl Med Assoc. 2019 May 23. pii: S0027-9684(19)30011-2. doi: 10.1016/j.jnma.2019.04.007

Persulfated flavonoids accelerated re-endothelialization and improved blood compatibility for vascular medical implants.
Bedair TM, Bedair HM, Ko KW, Park W, Joung YK, Han DK.
Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. 2019 May 16;181:174-184. doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.05.033

Flavonoids showed anticancer effects on the ovarian cancer cells: Involvement of reactive oxygen species, apoptosis, cell cycle and invasion.
Tavsan Z, Kayali HA.
Biomed Pharmacother. 2019 May 22;116:109004. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109004

Therapeutic Potential of Flavonoids as Alternative Medicines in Epilepsy.
Kwon JY, Jeon MT, Jung UJ, Kim DW, Moon GJ, Kim SR.
Adv Nutr. 2019 May 21. pii: nmz047. doi: 10.1093/advances/nmz047.

Dietary Flavonoids as Cancer Chemopreventive Agents: An Updated Review of Human Studies.
Rodríguez-García C, Sánchez-Quesada C, J Gaforio J.
Antioxidants (Basel). 2019 May 18;8(5). pii: E137. doi: 10.3390/antiox8050137. Review.

Flavonoids in hypertension: a brief review of the underlying mechanisms.
Maaliki D, Shaito AA, Pintus G, El-Yazbi A, Eid AH.
Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2019 May 16;45:57-65. doi: 10.1016/j.coph.2019.04.014.

Natural flavonoids for the prevention of colon cancer: A comprehensive review of preclinical and clinical studies.
Afshari K, Haddadi NS, Haj-Mirzaian A, Farzaei MH, Rohani MM, Akramian F, Naseri R, Sureda A, Ghanaatian N, Abdolghaffari AH.
J Cell Physiol. 2019 May 13. doi: 10.1002/jcp.28777.

Non-Linear Quantitative Structure⁻Activity Relationships Modelling, Mechanistic Study and In-Silico Design of Flavonoids as Potent Antioxidants.
Žuvela P, David J, Yang X, Huang D, Wong MW.
Int J Mol Sci. 2019 May 10;20(9). pii: E2328. doi: 10.3390/ijms20092328.

Antifungal effects of the flavonoids kaempferol and quercetin: a possible alternative for the control of fungal biofilms.
Rocha MFG, Sales JA, da Rocha MG, Galdino LM, de Aguiar L, Pereira-Neto WA, de Aguiar Cordeiro R, Castelo-Branco DSCM, Sidrim JJC, Brilhante RSN.
Biofouling. 2019 Mar;35(3):320-328. doi: 10.1080/08927014.2019.1604948. Epub 2019 May 8.

Fisetin and Quercetin: Promising Flavonoids with Chemopreventive Potential.
Kashyap D, Garg VK, Tuli HS, Yerer MB, Sak K, Sharma AK, Kumar M, Aggarwal V, Sandhu SS.
Biomolecules. 2019 May 6;9(5). pii: E174. doi: 10.3390/biom9050174. Review.

Antioxidant effect of flavonoids present in Euterpe oleracea Martius and neurodegenerative diseases: A literature review.
de Oliveira NKS, Almeida MRS, Pontes FMM, Barcelos MP, de Paula da Silva CHT, Rosa JMC, Cruz RAS, da Silva Hage-Melim LI.
Cent Nerv Syst Agents Med Chem. 2019 May 1. doi: 10.2174/1871524919666190502105855.

Flavonoids and Insulin-Resistance: From Molecular Evidences to Clinical Trials.
Russo B, Picconi F, Malandrucco I, Frontoni S.
Int J Mol Sci. 2019 Apr 26;20(9). pii: E2061. doi: 10.3390/ijms20092061. Review.

Flavonoids: Broad Spectrum Agents on Chronic Inflammation.
Lim H, Heo MY, Kim HP.
Biomol Ther (Seoul). 2019 May 1;27(3):241-253. doi: 10.4062/biomolther.2019.034. Review.

Flavonoids are phytonutrients and an important source of natural phenolic antioxidants. They are very useful for the health of the human body due to their antioxidant action which counteracts free radicals, responsible for the aging processes and many diseases.

They play an important role in the color of natural products. they are responsible for the colors of the leaves and flowers.

Flavonoids are secondary metabolites that accumulate in vascular plants and, to a lesser extent, in mosses. they promote seed and pollen dispersion, contributing to the formation of fruit and flower color (1).

In the flavonoid family we also find anthocyanins, water-soluble pigments also carrying out an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory action recognizable by the blue color.

They are found in (2):

Fruits

• cranberry
• blueberries
• chokeberry

•  broad bean pod (189.54 mg/100 g)
•  black olive (159.83 mg/100 g)
•  red onion (131.51 mg/100 g)
•  spinach (119.27 mg/100 g)
•  shallot (112.22 mg/100 g)

Cereals

• barley  (35.2 mg/100 g)
• buckwheat (37.04 mg/100 g)
• common wheat (77.4 mg/100 g)

Cocoa (511.63 mg/100 g)

Oils

• extra virgin olive oil (1.53 mg/100 g)
• virgin olive oil (0.23 mg/100 g)
• refined olive oil (0.15 mg/100 g )

seeds, nuts etc.

They have beneficial action against:

• allergies
• virus
• infections
• osteoporosis
• tumors
• inflammations

Flavonoids, perhaps the single most important group of phenolic compounds in food, comprise a group of over 4000 aromatic vegetable compounds. in this group there are:

• anthocyanins (cyanidin, pelargonidine, petunidin)
• flavonols (quercetin, kaempferol)
• flavones (luteolin, apigenin)
• flavanonols(myricetin, naringin, esperetin, naringenin)
• flavan-3-ols (catechin, epicatechin, gallocatechin)
• isoflavonoids (genistein, daidzein)

The optimal daily intake is estimated from 500 mg to 1 gram (2).

Flavonoids studies

References_________________________________________________________

(1) Cunmin Qu, Fuyou Fu, Kun Lu, Kai Zhang, Rui Wang, Xinfu Xu, Min Wang, Junxing Lu, Huafang Wan, Tang Zhanglin, Jiana Li  Differential accumulation of phenolic compounds and expression of related genes in black- and yellow-seeded Brassica napus  J Exp Bot. 2013 Jul; 64(10): 2885–2898. Published online 2013 May 22. doi: 10.1093/jxb/ert148

(2) Rodríguez-García C, Sánchez-Quesada C, J Gaforio J. Dietary Flavonoids as Cancer Chemopreventive Agents: An Updated Review of Human Studies. Antioxidants (Basel). 2019 May 18;8(5):137. doi: 10.3390/antiox8050137.

(3) Lila MA. Anthocyanins and Human Health: An In Vitro Investigative Approach. J Biomed Biotechnol. 2004;2004(5):306-313. doi: 10.1155/S111072430440401X.