Compendium of the most significant studies with reference to properties, intake, effects.

Aufiero E, Stitik TP, Foye PM, Chen B. Pyridoxine hydrochloride treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome: a review. Nutr Rev. 2004 Mar;62(3):96-104. doi: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2004.tb00030.x.

Abstract.  It has been hypothesized that idiopathic carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is a manifestation of vitamin B6 deficiency. Some claim that B6 supplementation can alleviate symptoms.

Kang-Yoon SA, Kirksey A. Relation of short-term pyridoxine-HCl supplementation to plasma vitamin B-6 vitamers and amino acid concentrations in young women. Am J Clin Nutr. 1992 Apr;55(4):865-72. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/55.4.865.

Abstract.  This investigation analyzed the effects of large oral doses (27 mg/d) of pyridoxine (PN)-HCl over 2 wk on plasma PLP and amino acid concentrations in 10 young women.

Haidari F, Mohammadshahi M, Zarei M, Haghighizadeh MH, Mirzaee F. The Effect of Pyridoxine Hydrochloride Supplementation on Leptin, Adiponectin, Glycemic Indices, and Anthropometric Indices in Obese and Overweight Women. Clin Nutr Res. 2021 Jul 22;10(3):230-242. doi: 10.7762/cnr.2021.10.3.230.

Abstract.  The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of pyridoxine hydrochloride supplementation on anthropometric indices, body composition, visceral adiposity index (VAI), and metabolic status in obese and overweight women.

Pope E, Maltepe C, Koren G. Comparing pyridoxine and doxylamine succinate-pyridoxine HCl for nausea and vomiting of pregnancy: A matched, controlled cohort study. J Clin Pharmacol. 2015 Jul;55(7):809-14. doi: 10.1002/jcph.480.

Abstract. Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy (NVP) is a common gestational condition. This is the first study to compare the use of vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) versus Diclectin (doxylamine succinate-pyridoxine HCl) for NVP symptoms.

Darwish HW, Attia MI, Abdelhameed AS, Alanazi AM, Bakheit AH. Comparative ANNs with different input layers and GA-PLS study for simultaneous spectrofluorimetric determination of melatonin and pyridoxine HCl in the presence of melatonin’s main impurity. Molecules. 2013 Jan 14;18(1):974-96. doi: 10.3390/molecules18010974. 

Abstract. This work describes simple, sensitive, and reliable four multivariate calibration methods, namely artificial neural network preceded by genetic algorithm (GA-ANN), principal component analysis (PCA-ANN) and wavelet transform procedures (WT-ANN) as well as partial least squares preceded by genetic algorithm (GA-PLS) for the spectrofluorimetric determination of MLT and PNH in the presence of DMLT.

Chang SJ, Kirksey A. Vitamin B6 status of breast-fed infants in relation to pyridoxine HCl supplementation of mothers. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 2002 Feb;48(1):10-7. doi: 10.3177/jnsv.48.10.

Abstract.  The vitamin B6 nutritue of breast-fed infants was evaluated by vitamin B6 intake, plasma pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) concentration, and growth patterns during the infants' first 6 mo of age....

BRAIN MC, BOOTH CC. THE ABSORPTION OF TRITIUM-LABELLED PYRIDOXINE HCL IN CONTROL SUBJECTS AND IN PATIENTS WITH INTESTINAL MALABSORPTION. Gut. 1964 Jun;5(3):241-7. doi: 10.1136/gut.5.3.241.

Abstract. This paper provide evidence of some failure of absorption pf pyridoxine in idiopatic steatorrhea.

EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP), Bampidis V, Azimonti G, Bastos ML, Christensen H, Dusemund B, Fašmon Durjava M, Kouba M, López-Alonso M, López Puente S, Marcon F, Mayo B, Pechová A, Petkova M, Ramos F, Sanz Y, Villa RE, Woutersen R, Anguita M, Galobart J, Holczknecht O, Tarrés-Call J, Pettenati E, Pizzo F, Manini P. Assessment of the application for renewal of authorisation of pyridoxine hydrochloride (vitamin B6) as a feed additive for all animal species. EFSA J. 2020 Nov 13;18(11):e06289. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6289.

Abstract. Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the assessment of the application for renewal of authorisation of pyridoxine hydrochloride (vitamin B6) produced by chemical synthesis as a feed additive for all animal species. 

Pyridoxine HCL or Pyridoxine hydrochloride is the hydrochloride salt of pyridoxine, a form of vitamin B₆ and includes pyridoxamine (not resistant to high temperatures), pyridoxine (heat-resistant), pyridoxal (not resistant to high temperatures). It is obtained through industrial synthesis processes from methyl methoxyacetate, ethyl cyanoacetate, acetone, etc. It is soluble in water and is easily destroyed.

The name defines the structure of the molecule

• "Pyridoxine" is one of the forms of vitamin B₆. Vitamin B₆ is essential for the metabolism of amino acids, carbohydrates, and lipids in the human body.
• "Hydrochloride" indicates that the molecule has been converted into its salt form using hydrochloric acid. This is often done to improve the solubility or stability of a compound.

Description of raw materials used in production

• 2-Methyl-3-hydroxy-4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)pyridine is a key precursor for the synthesis of Pyridoxine.
• Hydrochloric acid (HCl) - Used to convert Pyridoxine into Pyridoxine hydrochloride.

Step-by-step summary of industrial chemical synthesis process.

• Preparation of Precursor - 2-Methyl-3-hydroxy-4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)pyridine is prepared through a series of chemical reactions using appropriate starting compounds.
• Synthesis of Pyridoxine - The precursor is subjected to further chemical reactions to obtain Pyridoxine.
• Conversion - The formed Pyridoxine is treated with hydrochloric acid to convert it into Pyridoxine hydrochloride.
• Crystallization - Pyridoxine hydrochloride is made to crystallize out from the solvent.
• Filtration - The crystalline solid is separated from the liquid through filtration.
• Drying - The solid is dried to remove any traces of solvent.
• Quality Control - The final product undergoes various quality checks to ensure it meets specifications.

It appears as a white powder with fine crystals. Soluble in water, easily destroyed by alkalis or light.

Where it is found

In nature, it is found in vegetables, rice bran, yeast, fat, molasses, etc.

What it is used for and where

Pyridoxine hydrochloride acts in the metabolism of amino acids, carbohydrates and fats, being a co-factor in many physiological properties, including haemoglobin.

Dietary supplements. Often combined with melatonin to strengthen the body, prevent skin diseases, nervous disorders such as depression and to prevent ageing of tissues and organs. Relieves nocturnal muscle spasms, cramps. And for all cases of malnutrition.

Cosmetics

It is included in cosmetic body care products for its protective action on the skin by exerting an anti-ageing action on epithelial cells. It is an absorber of ultraviolet rays. and is a co-adjuvant in hair growth.

Antistatic agent. Static electricity build-up has a direct influence on products and causes electrostatic adsorption. The antistatic ingredient reduces static build-up and surface resistivity on the surface of the skin and hair.

Hair conditioning agent. A significant number of ingredients with specific and targeted purposes may co-exist in hair shampoo formulations: cleansers, conditioners, thickeners, matting agents, sequestering agents, fragrances, preservatives, special additives. However, the indispensable ingredients are the cleansers and conditioners as they are necessary and sufficient for hair cleansing and manageability. The others act as commercial and non-essential auxiliaries such as: appearance, fragrance, colouring, etc. Hair conditioning agents have the task of increasing shine, manageability and volume, and reducing static electricity, especially after treatments such as colouring, ironing, waving, drying and brushing. They are, in practice, dispersants that may contain cationic surfactants, thickeners, emollients, polymers. The typology of hair conditioning agents includes: intensive conditioners, instant conditioners, thickening conditioners, drying conditioners. They can perform their task generally accompanied by other different ingredients.

Skin conditioning agent. It is the mainstay of topical skin treatment as it has the function of restoring, increasing or improving skin tolerance to external factors, including melanocyte tolerance. The most important function of the conditioning agent is to prevent skin dehydration, but the subject is rather complex and involves emollients and humectants that can be added in the formulation.

Plastics

In the treatment of polycaprolactam products, nylon improves thermal stability.

Commercial applications

Dietary Supplement. Pyridoxine Hydrochloride is often used as a source of Vitamin B₆ in dietary supplements.

Treatment for Vitamin B₆ Deficiency. Prescribed to treat or prevent a deficiency of Vitamin B₆.

Cosmetics and Skin Care Products. Used in some skin care products to promote skin health.

Treatment of Metabolic Disorders. Used in medical treatments for conditions like hyperhomocysteinemia.

Ingredient in Pharmaceutical Products. Included in some pharmaceutical formulations for its beneficial properties.

Pyridoxyne hydrochloride studies

Caratteristiche tipiche ottimali del prodotto commerciale Pyridoxine hydrochloride

Appearance	White powder in fine crystals
Density	1.2784
Boiling Point	491.9ºC at 760 mmHg
Melting Point	214-215 °C
Flash Point	251.3ºC
Purity ≤	99.0%
Residual solvent ethanol	NMT 0.3%
Chloride content	16.9~17.5%
Water content  ≤	1.0%
Total plate count ≤	1000 cfu/g
Yeast & mold ≤	100 cfu/g
Los on drying ≤	2.0%
Heavy metals, ppm ≤	1.0%
PSA	73.58000
Sulphated ash ≤	0.5%/1g
Water Solubility	0.1 g/mL (20ºC)
LogP	0.88220
Vapour Density vs air	7.1
Index of Refraction	1.5800
Storage	2-8°C
Safety

• Molecular Formula  C₈H₁₂ClNO₃       C₈H₁₁NO₃ · HCl
• Molecular Weight     205.64 g/mol
• Exact Mass   205.050568
• CAS  58-56-0
• UNII    68Y4CF58BV
• EC Number   200-386-2    232-503-8
• DSSTox Substance ID DTXSID6030780    DTXSID1040792
• IUPAC  4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol;hydrochloride
• InChI=1S/C8H11NO3.ClH/c1-5-8(12)7(4-11)6(3-10)2-9-5;/h2,10-12H,3-4H2,1H3;1H  
• InChl Key      ZUFQODAHGAHPFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
• SMILES   CC1=NC=C(C(=C1O)CO)CO.Cl
• MDL number  MFCD00012807
• PubChem Substance ID    329750872
• ChEBI  30961
• NACRES    NA.24  
• NSC   36225
• RTECS   UV1350000  
• NCI   C48030
• Beilstein   3632435

Synonyms:

• Pyridoxine HCl
• Pyridoxol hydrochloride