Nutrition

Fabrication and Characterization of Low Methoxyl Pectin/Gelatin/Carboxymethyl Cellulose Absorbent Hydrogel Film for Wound Dressing Applications.
Jantrawut P, Bunrueangtha J, Suerthong J, Kantrong N.
Materials (Basel). 2019 May 17;12(10). pii: E1628. doi: 10.3390/ma12101628

Eco-Friendly Ca-Montmorillonite Grafted by Non-Acidic Ionic Liquid Used as A Solid Acid Catalyst in Cellulose Hydrolysis to Reducing Sugars.
Zhou Y, Yang M, Tong D, Yang H, Fang K.
Molecules. 2019 May 13;24(9). pii: E1832. doi: 10.3390/molecules24091832.

Optimization of Quality Properties of Gluten-Free Bread by a Mixture Design of Xanthan, Guar, and Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose Gums.
Encina-Zelada CR, Cadavez V, Teixeira JA, Gonzales-Barron U.
Foods. 2019 May 10;8(5). pii: E156. doi: 10.3390/foods8050156.

Medicine

Hemostatic effect and psychological impact of an oxidized regenerated cellulose patch after transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy: A prospective and retrospective study.
Park JW, Kim JI, Bae SR, Lee YS, Han CH, Kang SH, Park BH.
Medicine (Baltimore). 2019 May;98(20):e15623. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000015623.

The role of viscosity on skin penetration from cellulose ether-based hydrogels.
Binder L, Mazál J, Petz R, Klang V, Valenta C.
Skin Res Technol. 2019 May 6. doi: 10.1111/srt.12709.

Redox-responsive blend hydrogel films based on carboxymethyl cellulose/chitosan microspheres as dual delivery carrier.
Wang F, Zhang Q, Li X, Huang K, Shao W, Yao D, Huang C.
Int J Biol Macromol. 2019 May 9;134:413-421. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.05.049.

Modification of bacterial cellulose/keratin nanofibrous mats by a tragacanth gum-conjugated hydrogel for wound healing.
Azarniya A, Tamjid E, Eslahi N, Simchi A.
Int J Biol Macromol. 2019 May 6;134:280-289. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.05.023.

Engineering Sustainable Antimicrobial Release in Silica-Cellulose Membrane with CaCO3-Aided Processing for Wound Dressing Application.
Shen Z, Cai N, Xue Y, Chan V, Yu B, Wang J, Song H, Deng H, Yu F.
Polymers (Basel). 2019 May 6;11(5). pii: E808. doi: 10.3390/polym11050808.

Industry

Novel thermo-responsive micelles prepared from amphiphilic hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose-block-JEFFAMINE copolymers.
Lu A, Petit E, Li S, Wang Y, Su F, Monge S.
Int J Biol Macromol. 2019 May 20. pii: S0141-8130(19)30436-2. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.05.087

Development of novel bacterial cellulose composites for the textile and shoe industry.
Fernandes M, Gama M, Dourado F, Souto AP.
Microb Biotechnol. 2019 May 22. doi: 10.1111/1751-7915.13387.

Functionalized cellulose with hydroxyethyl methacrylate and glycidyl methacrylate for metal ions and dye adsorption applications.
Sharma RK, Kumar R.
Int J Biol Macromol. 2019 May 10;134:704-721. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.05.059.

Functionalization of cellulose nanocrystals with γ-MPS and its effect on the adhesive behavior of acrylic pressure sensitive adhesives.
Yu Q, Yang W, Wang Q, Dong W, Du M, Ma P.
Carbohydr Polym. 2019 Aug 1;217:168-177. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.04.049.

Nanofibers

Cellulose Nanofiber-Reinforced Chitosan Hydrogel Composites for Intervertebral Disc Tissue Repair.
Doench I, Ahn Tran T, David L, Montembault A, Viguier E, Gorzelanny C, Sudre G, Cachon T, Louback-Mohamed M, Horbelt N, Peniche-Covas C, Osorio-Madrazo A.
Biomimetics (Basel). 2019 Feb 20;4(1). pii: E19. doi: 10.3390/biomimetics4010019.

In Situ Production and Application of Cellulose Nanofibers to Improve Recycled Paper Production.
Balea A, Sanchez-Salvador JL, Monte MC, Merayo N, Negro C, Blanco A.
Molecules. 2019 May 9;24(9). pii: E1800. doi: 10.3390/molecules24091800.

Modified nano microfibrillated cellulose/carboxymethyl chitosan composite hydrogel with giant network structure and quick gelation formability.
Wei D, Liu Q, Liu Z, Liu J, Zheng X, Pei Y, Tang K.
Int J Biol Macromol. 2019 May 15. pii: S0141-8130(19)32630-3. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.05.091

Cellulose is a polysaccharide biopolymer synthesised in the plant kingdom where it is found as a structural part in green plants within their primary cell wall. It is found in homicetes, a species of pseudo fungi and in algae.

In chemistry it is obtained from wood, especially conifers, mixed with straw and other vegetable raw materials, but bacterial cellulose is most efficiently produced by the Komagataeibacter xylinus species, a Gram-negative, aerobic, non-pathogenic bacterium belonging to the acetic bacteria family.

They are obtained from cellulose:

• biofuel production
• paper
• textile fibers
• plastics
• explosives
• paints
• biomaterials

In recent years particular attention has been given to cellulose nanofibers, they are renewable and environmentally friendly (1) and they are readily available in plant biomass (2). Moreover they have remarkable mechanical performances due to their high crystallinity and proportions (3).

In medicine, cellulose nanofibers have been used as a reinforcement of biomaterials in tissue engineering (4).

Medical

In medical science, cellulose nanofibres have been used as reinforcing biomaterials in tissue engineering (4).

Food

Ingredient listed in the European food additives list as E460, bulking agent, filler and stabiliser. Its dietary advantages consist of biocompatibility, the abundance of hydroxyl groups, crystalline structure, solubility and wettability. It possesses all the characteristics of an excellent dietary fibre.

Cosmetics

Absorbent. Absorbs substances dispersed or dissolved in aqueous solutions, water/oil, oil/water.

Opacifying agent. It is useful into formulations that may be translucent or transparent to make them opaque and less permeable to light.

Bulking agent. It regulates the water content, dilutes other solids, can increase the volume of a product for better flow, acts as a buffer against organic acids, helps to keep the pH of the mixture within a certain level.

Viscosity control agent. It controls and adapts viscosity to the required level for optimal chemical and physical stability of the product and dosage in gels, suspensions, emulsions, solutions. 

The most relevant studies on this ingredient have been selected with a summary of their contents:

Cellulose studies

Molecular Formula: (C₆H₁₀O₅)n  C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁

Molecular Weight: 342.297 g/mol

CAS: 9004-34-6  9013-34-7  99331-82-5

EC Number: 232-674-9  618-482-1  619-425-3

MDL number MFCD00081512

Synonyms:

• Cellulose, 2-(diethylamino)ethyl ether
• (5S)-6-(hydroxymethyl)-5-{[(2S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy}oxane-2,3,4-triol
• (5S,2R,3R,4R,6R)-5-[(2S,4S,5S,3R,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)(2H-3,4 ,5,6-tetrahydropyran-2-yloxy)]-6-(hydroxymethyl)-2H-3,4,5,6-tetrahydropyran-2, 3,4-triol
• (6S)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-[(3S)-4,5,6-trihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydropyran-3-yl]oxy-tetrahydropyran-3,4,5-triol

References_________________________________________________________________________

(1) Morphological and thermal investigations of cellulosic bionanocomposites.  Osorio-Madrazo A., Laborie M.-P.  Dufresne A., Thomas S., Pothen L.A., editors. Biopolymer Nanocomposites. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; Hoboken, NJ, USA: 2013. pp. 411–436. 

(2)  Native crystalline polysaccharide nanofibers: Processing and properties.Samyn P., Osorio-Madrazo A.  Barhoum A., Bechelany M., Makhlouf A., editors. Handbook of Nanofibers. Springer; Cham, Switzerland: 2018. pp. 1–36

(3)  Polymer nanocomposites reinforced by cellulose whiskers. Favier V., Chanzy H., Cavaillé J.Y. Macromolecules. 1995;28:6365–6367. doi: 10.1021/ma00122a053. 

(4) Doench I, Torres-Ramos MEW, Montembault A, Nunes de Oliveira P, Halimi C, Viguier E, Heux L, Siadous R, Thiré RMSM, Osorio-Madrazo A  Injectable and Gellable Chitosan Formulations Filled with Cellulose Nanofibers for Intervertebral Disc Tissue Engineering.  Polymers (Basel). 2018 Oct 27; 10(11)