i coloranti si dividono in due categorie : 

• composti naturali o additivi ricavati dall'ingrediente naturale (i)
• sostanze chimiche di sintesi (ii)

CI 15985 Sunset Yellow FCF è un prodotto chimico di sintesi, derivato azoico.

Il rilascio di coloranti azoici nell'ambiente è una preoccupazione a causa della colorazione delle acque naturali e causa della tossicità, mutagenicità e cancerogenicità dei coloranti e dei loro prodotti di biotrasformazione. Si sono quindi studiati metodi e tecniche per rimuovere, tramite microrganismi (1), carbone attivo (2), questo colorante dalle acque reflue dell'industria tessile.

Nel Maggio del 2010 la FSA (Food Standard Agency) ha stabilito le linee guida per alcuni coloranti, tra i quali l'E110: "When using the colours listed below in food and drink there is a requirement (subject to a limited number of exemptions) to include the additional information that „name or E number of the colour(s)‟: may have an adverse effect on activity and attention in children" (3).

Altri studi

Functionalized cross-linked chitosan with ionic liquid and highly efficient removal of azo dyes from aqueous solution.  Lyu H, Fan J, Ling Y, Yu Y, Xie Z.  Int J Biol Macromol. 2019 Apr 1;126:1023-1029. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.12.117. 

Photocatalytic degradation of synthetic food dye, sunset yellow FCF (FD&C yellow no. 6) by Ailanthus excelsa Roxb. possessing antioxidant and cytotoxic activity.  Deepika S, Harishkumar R, Dinesh M, Abarna R, Anbalagan M, Roopan SM, Selvaraj CI.  J Photochem Photobiol B. 2017 Dec;177:44-55. doi: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2017.10.015.

Estimate of the theoretical maximum daily intake of Sunset Yellow FCF by the Brazilian population.  Feitosa LCA, Rodrigues PDS, Da Silva AS, Rios AO, Cladera-Olivera F.  Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess. 2017 May;34(5):687-694. doi: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1290829. Epub 2017 Feb 20.

Removal of sunset yellow FCF from aqueous solution using polyethyleneimine-modified MWCNTs.  Gao H, Zhang L, Liao Y.  Water Sci Technol. 2016;73(6):1269-78. doi: 10.2166/wst.2015.601.

Bibliografia_________________________________________

(1) Decolorization and degradation of Disperse Blue 79 and Acid Orange 10, by Bacillus fusiformis KMK5 isolated from the textile dye contaminated soil.
Kolekar YM, Pawar SP, Gawai KR, Lokhande PD, Shouche YS, Kodam KM.
Bioresour Technol. 2008 Dec.
(2) Perspectives on carbon materials as powerful catalysts in continuous anaerobic bioreactors.
Pereira RA, Salvador AF, Dias P, Pereira MF, Alves MM, Pereira L.
Water Res. 2016 Sep.

(3) FSA - Guidance on the labelling of certain food colours as set out in Regulation 1333/2008

CI 15985 o Sunset Yellow FCF è un composto chimico, colorante monoazoico, una classe di coloranti organici commerciali.

Nome chimico: disodium;6-hydroxy-5-[(4-sulfonatophenyl)diazenyl]naphthalene-2-sulfonate

A cosa serve e dove si usa

Cosmetica

Ingrediente cosmetico soggetto a restrizioni  IV/31 come Voce pertinente negli allegati del regolamento europeo sui cosmetici n. 1223/2009. Sostanza o ingrediente segnalato: Disodium 6-hydroxy-5-[(4-sulphonatophenyl)azo]naphthalene-2-sulphonate and its insoluble barium, strontium and zirconium lakes, salts and pigments

E' etichettato come E110 nella lista dei coloranti alimentari europei

Viene utilizzato in:

• biocidi (disinfettanti, prodotti per il controllo dei parassiti)
• fertilizzanti
• cosmetici
• prodotti per la cura personale
• inchiostri e toner
• prodotti per la cura dell'aria
• prodotti per il trattamento tessile
• coloranti
• prodotti chimici di carta

Sicurezza

Il problema legato ai coloranti azoici (monoazo o diazo) è la degradazione fotocatalitica che porta ad un'eventuale ossidazione ed alla successiva formazione di impurità come le ammine aromatiche alcune delle quali svolgono attività cancerogena (1).

CI 15985 Sunset Yellow FCF studi

Formula molecolare:  C₁₆H₁₀N₂Na₂O₇S₂

Peso molecolare: 452.363 g/mol

UNII: H77VEI93A8

CAS: 2783-94-0 

EC Number: 220-491-7 

PubChem Substance ID 24870256

MDL number MFCD00036437 

Colour Index Number 15985 

Sinonimi: 

• Sunset Yellow FCF
• D&C YELLOW NO. 6
• E110
• Food yellow 3
• SUNSET YELLOW FCF
• C.I. Food Yellow 3
• FD&C Yellow 6
• Orange Yellow S

Bibliografia________________________________________________________________________

(1) Chung KT, Stevens SE Jr, Cerniglia CE. The reduction of azo dyes by the intestinal microflora. Crit Rev Microbiol. 1992;18(3):175-90. doi: 10.3109/10408419209114557.

Abstract. Azo dyes are widely used in the textile, printing, paper manufacturing, pharmaceutical, and food industries and also in research laboratories. When these compounds either inadvertently or by design enter the body through ingestion, they are metabolized to aromatic amines by intestinal microorganisms. Reductive enzymes in the liver can also catalyze the reductive cleavage of the azo linkage to produce aromatic amines. However, evidence indicates that the intestinal microbial azoreductase may be more important than the liver enzymes in azo reduction. In this article, we examine the significance of the capacity of intestinal bacteria to reduce azo dyes and the conditions of azo reduction. Many azo dyes, such as Acid Yellow, Amaranth, Azodisalicylate, Chicago Sky Blue, Congo Red, Direct Black 38, Direct Blue 6, Direct Blue 15, Direct Brown 95, Fast Yellow, Lithol Red, Methyl Orange, Methyl Red, Methyl Yellow, Naphthalene Fast Orange 2G, Neoprontosil, New Coccine, Orange II, Phenylazo-2-naphthol, Ponceau 3R, Ponceau SX, Red 2G, Red 10B, Salicylazosulphapyridine, Sunset Yellow, Tartrazine, and Trypan Blue, are included in this article. A wide variety of anaerobic bacteria isolated from caecal or fecal contents from experimental animals and humans have the ability to cleave the azo linkage(s) to produce aromatic amines. Azoreductase(s) catalyze these reactions and have been found to be oxygen sensitive and to require flavins for optimal activity. The azoreductase activity in a variety of intestinal preparations was affected by various dietary factors such as cellulose, proteins, fibers, antibiotics, or supplementation with live cultures of lactobacilli.