| "Descrizione" by Al222 (23249 pt) | 2025-Dec-05 12:38 |
Cipolla (Allium cepa L.)
La cipolla è una specie erbacea biennale coltivata come ortaggio annuale e ampiamente diffusa in aree a clima temperato, dove rappresenta una delle colture orticole più rilevanti. Possiede un apparato fogliare costituito da foglie basali tubolari, di colore verde, e forma un bulbo sotterraneo composto da tuniche carnose concentriche, avvolte da squame esterne papiracee che ne proteggono la struttura interna. Il bulbo può presentarsi con forme e dimensioni variabili (sferiche, appiattite o allungate), così come il colore della tunica esterna, che può essere bianco, giallo, dorato o rosso, in funzione della varietà.
Dal punto di vista colturale, la cipolla predilige terreni ben drenati, di medio impasto e buona fertilità, e trova condizioni ottimali in ambienti con escursioni termiche moderate. È sensibile ai ristagni idrici, che possono favorire l’insorgenza di malattie fungine e pregiudicare la conservabilità del bulbo. Il ciclo colturale varia in funzione del periodo di trapianto e della varietà, con raccolta generalmente concentrata in estate e inizio autunno. La qualità finale è influenzata da fattori quali regime idrico, tecniche di concimazione, densità d’impianto e condizioni climatiche della stagione.
La cipolla è costituita principalmente da acqua, con una quota di carboidrati prevalentemente rappresentata da glucosio, fruttosio e saccarosio. Contiene fibre alimentari, potassio, in misura minore calcio e magnesio, e composti solforati responsabili delle caratteristiche aromatiche e lacrimogene. Sono presenti inoltre flavonoidi (come quercetina), acidi organici e tracce di vitamine idrosolubili. I livelli di tali componenti variano in relazione a cultivar, tecniche colturali, condizioni pedoclimatiche e stato di maturazione del bulbo.
Dal punto di vista alimentare e tecnologico, la cipolla è un ortaggio di larghissimo impiego: viene consumata cruda, cotta, caramellata, essiccata oppure utilizzata per la produzione di conserve, disidratati, brodi e basi condenti. È componente essenziale in preparazioni gastronomiche dove svolge un ruolo aromatico, contribuendo alla struttura gustativa di piatti di carne, pesce, verdure, sughi e zuppe. Le caratteristiche di mercato della cipolla si valutano in base a pezzatura, consistenza dei tessuti, uniformità cromatica, integrità del bulbo, capacità di conservazione e assenza di difetti quali marciumi, germogliazione precoce o disseccamenti anomali.
Le diverse cultivar e tipologie (tonde, piatte, allungate; bianche, gialle, rosse) rispondono a specifici impieghi e mercati: da consumo fresco, da lunga conservazione o per lavorazioni industriali, con differenze sensibili in termini di sapore, intensità aromatica e contenuto di composti solforati.
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Nome comune: Cipolla
Nome botanico: Allium cepa L.
Regno: Plantae
Clade: Angiosperme → Monocotiledoni
Ordine: Asparagales
Famiglia: Amaryllidaceae
Genere: Allium
Specie: Allium cepa L.
| Componente | Valore medio per 100 g circa |
|---|---|
| Energia | ~ 40 kcal |
| Carboidrati totali | ~ 9,3 g |
| — di cui zuccheri | ~ 4,2–4,7 g |
| Fibre alimentari | ~ 1,5–2,3 g |
| Proteine | ~ 1,0–1,2 g |
| Lipidi totali | ~ 0,1 g |
| — di cui acidi grassi saturi (SFA) | tracce |
| — monoinsaturi (MUFA) | tracce |
| — polinsaturi (PUFA) | tracce |
| Sodio | molto basso |
| Potassio | ~ 140–160 mg |
| Calcio | ~ 20–25 mg |
| Magnesio | ~ 9–12 mg |
| Fosforo | ~ 25–30 mg |
| Ferro | ~ 0,2–0,3 mg |
| Vitamina C | ~ 6–7 mg |
| Vitamine B (es. B6, folati) | piccole quantità |
| Vitamina E | tracce |
I valori possono variare in base a cultivar, suolo, tecniche agronomiche e stato di maturazione.
La cipolla è ricca di composti bioattivi e sostanze nutritive:
La cipolla è una coltura relativamente facile da gestire:
Usi alimentari:
Proprietà benefiche per la salute:
Usi agricoli e ambientali:
Usi cosmetici:
Industria alimentare:
Medicina naturale:
Agricoltura:
Benefici ambientali:
Sicurezza:
La cipolla è oggetto di numerose ricerche scientifiche per il suo contenuto di composti bioattivi e il potenziale impatto sulla salute umana. Studi recenti stanno esplorando il suo ruolo nella prevenzione di malattie croniche come il diabete, le malattie cardiovascolari e alcuni tipi di tumori. L’industria alimentare sta inoltre sviluppando nuovi prodotti a base di cipolla per sfruttarne le proprietà nutrizionali e funzionali. In agricoltura, la ricerca si concentra sulla selezione di varietà resistenti ai cambiamenti climatici e sulle strategie per ridurre gli sprechi post-raccolta.
Studi
Le cipolle hanno proprietà antibatteriche e antiossidanti e possono aiutare a ridurre il rischio di alcune malattie croniche. La quercetina, presente nelle cipolle, è stata associata alla prevenzione di malattie legate all'età come il diabete, il cancro e le malattie neurodegenerative.
Come anti-infiammatorio, un componente della cipolla, l'Onionin A che si trova nel bulbo, ha dimostrato di svolgere un'azione di contrasto all'attività infiammatoria del sangue (1).
Parrebbe anche provata un'azione di miglioramento dell'equilibrio dello zucchero nel sangue.
Viene consigliata, unitamente ad aglio, scalogno ed erba cipollina per prevenire il tumore alla prostata (2).
Le cipolle rosse più conosciute in Italia sono la cipolla rossa di Tropea e quella di Certaldo.
Bibliografia______________________________________________________________________
(1) Fujiwara Y, Horlad H, Shiraishi D, Tsuboki J, Kudo R, Ikeda T, Nohara T, Takeya M, Komohara Y. Onionin A, a sulfur-containing compound isolated from onions, impairs tumor development and lung metastasis by inhibiting the protumoral and immunosuppressive functions of myeloid cells. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2016 Nov;60(11):2467-2480. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.201500995.
(2) Colli JL, Amling CL. Chemoprevention of prostate cancer: what can be recommended to patients? Curr Urol Rep. 2009 May;10(3):165-71. Review.
Abstract. Prostate cancer is third to lung and colon cancer as the cause of cancer-related deaths in American men. It is estimated that there will have been more than 28,000 deaths and 186,000 new cases in 2008 that will impose a significant burden on national health care costs. Chemoprevention aims to reduce both incidence and mortality through the use of agents to prevent, reverse, or delay the carcinogenic process. This study provides clinicians with information on some chemoprevention agents that have been considered to reduce prostate cancer risks, including 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors; statins (a class of compounds used to reduce cholesterol); NSAIDs; selenium; vitamins E and D; lycopene; allium vegetables (garlic, scallions, onions, chives, and leeks); soy/isoflavones; and green tea polyphenols. The evidence to support prostate cancer risk reduction benefits for each chemoprevention agent based on a review of the literature is provided.
Tsuboki J, Fujiwara Y, Horlad H, Shiraishi D, Nohara T, Tayama S, Motohara T, Saito Y, Ikeda T, Takaishi K, Tashiro H, Yonemoto Y, Katabuchi H, Takeya M, Komohara Y. Onionin A inhibits ovarian cancer progression by suppressing cancer cell proliferation and the protumour function of macrophages. Sci Rep. 2016 Jul 12;6:29588. doi: 10.1038/srep29588.
Abstract. It is well known that tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) play an important role in tumour development by modulating the tumour microenvironment, and targeting of protumour activation or the M2 polarization of TAMs is expected to be an effective therapy for cancer patients. We previously demonstrated that onionin A (ONA), a natural low molecular weight compound isolated from onions, has an inhibitory effect on M2 macrophage polarization. In the present study, we investigated whether ONA had a therapeutic anti-ovarian cancer effect using in vitro and in vivo studies. We found that ONA reduced the extent of ovarian cancer cell proliferation induced by co-culture with human macrophages. In addition, we also found that ONA directly suppressed cancer cell proliferation. A combinatorial effect with ONA and anti-cancer drugs was also observed. The activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), which is involved in cell proliferation and chemo-resistance, was significantly abrogated by ONA in ovarian cancer cells. Furthermore, the administration of ONA suppressed cancer progression and prolonged the survival time in a murine ovarian cancer model under single and combined treatment conditions. Thus, ONA is considered useful for the additional treatment of patients with ovarian cancer owing to its suppression of the protumour activation of TAMs and direct cytotoxicity against cancer cells.
Li Q, Wang Y, Mai Y, Li H, Wang Z, Xu J, He X. Health Benefits of the Flavonoids from Onion: Constituents and Their Pronounced Antioxidant and Anti-neuroinflammatory Capacities. J Agric Food Chem. 2020 Jan 22;68(3):799-807. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b07418.
Abstract. Onion is the most widely cultivated vegetable around the world. In this study, the isolation, concentration, quantification, and bioactivity evaluation of the phenolics in onion peels were investigated. Thirty-four phenolics, including 17 flavonoids and 17 nonflavonoid phenolics, were purified and identified. Among them, there were 2 new unusual epoxyflavanones and a new phenolic constituent, as well as 13 unreported constituents from the genus Allium. The total flavonoids were concentrated, and finally obtained 90.25% of flavonoid content extract. Fifteen main flavonoids were quantified using an ultra-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array (UPLC-PDA), and quercetin (36.94%) and quercetin 4'-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (15.81%) were the richest contents of flavonoids. The antioxidant and anti-neuroinflammatory capacities were evaluated, and the bioactive results indicated that the flavonoids in onion exhibited pronounced activities. The study suggested that the flavonoids in onion peels could be used in functional food.
Yoo Y, Kim S, Lee W, Kim J, Son B, Lee KJ, Shin H. The prebiotic potential of dietary onion extracts: shaping gut microbial structures and promoting beneficial metabolites. mSystems. 2025 Jan 21;10(1):e0118924. doi: 10.1128/msystems.01189-24.
Abstract. Onions are well-known vegetables that offer various health benefits. This study explores the impact of onion extracts on gut microbiome using an in vitro fecal incubation model and metabolome analysis. Fecal samples were collected from 19 healthy donors and incubated in the presence or absence of onion extracts for 24 h. To reduce inter-individual variability in the gut microbiome, we employed enterotyping based on baseline fecal microbiota: 14 subjects with a Bacteroides-dominant type (enterotype B) and 5 subjects with Prevotella-dominant type (enterotype P). Alpha diversity was significantly reduced in the onion-treated group compared to the non-treated control group in both Bacteroides- and Prevotella-dominant types. However, significant structural differences in bacterial communities were observed based on weighted UniFrac distance. Notably, short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacteria, such as Bifidobacterium_388775, Feacalibacterium, and Fusicatenibacter, were overrepresented in response to onion extracts in enterotype B. Furthermore, genes related to butyrate production were significantly overrepresented in the onion-treated group within enterotype B. Consistent with the enriched taxa and the predicted metabolic pathways, SCFAs and their related metabolites were significantly enriched in the onion-treated group. Additionally, tryptophan metabolism-derived metabolites, including indolelactate (ILA) and indolepropionate (IPA), were elevated by 4- and 32-fold, respectively, in the onion-treated group compared to the control group. In vitro growth assays showed an increase in lactobacilli strains in the presence of onion extracts. These results provide evidence that onion extracts could serve as promising prebiotics by altering gut microbial structure and promoting the production of beneficiary metabolites, including SCFAs and indole derivatives, and enhancing the growth of probiotics.IMPORTANCEThis study is significant as it provides compelling evidence that onion extracts have the potential to serve as effective prebiotics. Utilizing an in vitro fecal incubation model and enterotyping to reduce inter-individual variability, the research demonstrates how onion extracts can alter gut microbial structure and promote the production of beneficial metabolites, including SCFAs and indole derivatives like ILA and IPA. Additionally, onion extract treatment enhances the growth of beneficial probiotics. The findings underscore the potential of onion extracts to improve gut health by enriching specific beneficial bacteria and metabolic pathways, thereby supporting the development of functional foods aimed at improving gut microbiota composition and metabolic health.
Dorrigiv M, Zareiyan A, Hosseinzadeh H. Onion (Allium cepa) and its Main Constituents as Antidotes or Protective Agents against Natural or Chemical Toxicities: A Comprehensive Review. Iran J Pharm Res. 2021 Winter;20(1):3-26. doi: 10.22037/ijpr.2020.112773.13940.
Abstract. Onion (Allium cepa) is a member of the family Amaryllidaceae and one of the most widely cultivated species of the genus Allium. Onion has plentiful chemical compounds such as allicin, quercetin, fisetin, other sulphurous compounds: diallyl disulphide and diallyl trisulphide. Onion and its main components in specific doses have shown a lot of benefits including free-radical scavenging and antioxidant properties, anticholesterolemic, anti-heavy metals toxicity, antihyperuricemia, antimicrobial, anti-gastric ulcer, and anticancer. This study summarizes numerous in-vitro and animal studies on the protective effects of onion against natural and chemical toxicities. Onion and its main components can ameliorate the toxicity of chemical agents in kidney, liver, brain, blood, heart, reproductive system, embryo, pancreas through reducing lipid peroxidation, antioxidant effect, radical-scavenging, anti-inflammatory, chelating agent, cytoprotective activities, increasing protein synthesis in damaged tissues, suppressing apoptosis, as well as modulation of PKC-
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