![]() | "Descrizione" by admin (19547 pt) | 2024-Sep-06 10:25 |
Morus alba, comunemente noto come gelso bianco, è una specie del genere Morus della famiglia Moraceae. Originario della Cina, è ampiamente coltivato per i suoi frutti commestibili e le foglie. L'albero è noto per la sua rapida crescita ed è utilizzato per vari scopi, inclusa la produzione di seta, grazie al suo ruolo come principale fonte di cibo per i bachi da seta.
Classificazione Botanica:
Caratteristiche della Pianta:
Morus alba è un albero deciduo che può raggiungere un'altezza di 10-15 metri. Ha una chioma ampia e diffusa con foglie grandi, ovali, che possono essere lisce o lobate. La pianta produce fiori piccoli e poco appariscenti, mentre il frutto è un frutto multiplo composto da piccoli drupeleti. Le bacche passano dal bianco al rosa e al viola scuro quando maturano, e sono dolci e succose.
Composizione Chimica e Struttura:
Il frutto e le foglie del gelso bianco contengono vari composti benefici:
Vitamine: Ricco di vitamina C e alcune vitamine del gruppo B.
Minerali: Contiene potassio, calcio, magnesio e ferro.
Antiossidanti: Il frutto contiene antiossidanti come antociani e flavonoidi, che contribuiscono ai suoi benefici per la salute (1).
Fibra alimentare: Alta concentrazione di fibra alimentare, che supporta la salute digestiva.
Polifenoli: Include composti polifenolici con potenziali effetti benefici per la salute.
Come Coltivarlo:
Usi e Benefici:
Applicazioni:
Il gelso bianco (Morus alba) trova applicazione anche nell’industria cosmetica grazie alle sue proprietà benefiche per la pelle e la salute. Gli estratti delle sue foglie e dei suoi frutti sono utilizzati in vari prodotti per la cura della pelle.
Benefici Cosmetici:
Applicazioni Cosmetiche:
Funzioni INCI:
Agente condizionante della pelle. Rappresenta il perno del trattamento topico della pelle in quanto ha la funzione di ripristinare, aumentare o migliorare la tolleranza cutanea a fattori esterni, compresa la tolleranza dei melanociti. La funzione più importante dell'agente condizionante è prevenire la disidratazione della pelle, ma il tema è piuttosto complesso e coinvolge emollienti ed umettanti che possono essere aggiunti nella formulazione.
Agente antischiuma. I fattori costituenti la stabilizzazione della schiuma sono la concentrazione di nanoparticelle e l'idrofobicità. La schiuma, anche se utilizzata in operazioni di separazione come il frazionamento o la flottazione, può causare, nei prodotti cosmetici, diminuzione di densità e un deterioramento della qualità che può portare al deterioramento del prodotto. L'agente antischiuma (olio non polare, oli siliconici, particelle solide idrofobiche o miscele di entrambi) è fortemente influenzata dalla viscosità e, in misura quasi direttamente proporzionale, alla concentrazione. Tuttavia gli antischiuma possono aggiungere una fonte di contaminazione irreversibile.
Astringente. Questo ingrediente esercita un effetto diretto sulla pelle restringendo i pori dilatati contraendo le cellule dello strato corneo e rimuovendo l'olio superfluo.
Umettante. Composto igroscopico utilizzato per ridurre al minimo la perdita d'acqua nella pelle e per prevenirne l'essiccazione facilitando un più rapido e maggiore assorbimento di acqua nello strato corneo dell'epidermide. L'epidermide è il più superficiale dei tre strati con cui è composta la pelle umana (epidermide, derma e ipoderma) ed è lo strato che provvede al mantenimento dell'idratazione in tutti e tre gli strati. A sua volta l'epidermide è composta da cinque strati: corneo, il più superficiale, granulare, spinoso, lucido, basale. Gli umettanti hanno la capacità di trattenere nello strato corneo l'acqua che attirano dall'aria ed hanno la funzione di idratare la pelle. Meglio utilizzarli prima degli emollienti che sono a base d'olio.
Considerazioni Ambientali e di Sicurezza:
Bibliografia_____________________________________________________________________
(1) Yuan Q, Zhao L. The Mulberry (Morus alba L.) Fruit-A Review of Characteristic Components and Health Benefits. J Agric Food Chem. 2017 Dec 6;65(48):10383-10394. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b03614. Epub 2017 Nov 20. PMID: 29129054.
Abstract. Mulberry (Morus alba L.) fruit has a high yield in one fruiting season in many countries, especially in Asia, and a long history of use as an edible fruit and traditional medicine. A great diversity of nutritive compounds such as fatty acids, amino acids, vitamins, minerals, and bioactive compounds, including anthocyanins, rutin, quercetin, chlorogenic acid, and polysaccharides have been found in mulberry fruit depending on the cultivars and maturity stages. Furthermore, the extracts and active components of mulberry fruit have demonstrated numerous biological activities, including antioxidant, neuroprotective, antiatherosclerosis, immunomodulative, antitumor, antihyperglycemic, and hypolipidemic activities in in vitro and in vivo studies, and they have received increasing interest from researchers and pharmaceutical companies. Although some mechanistic studies further substantiate these potential health benefits of mulberry fruit, a need exists to make a better understanding of the roles of these compounds in traditional medicine and the diet. This review provides recent findings regarding the chemical constituents and biological activities of mulberry fruit, which may be useful for stimulating deep research of mulberry fruit and for predicting their uses as important and safe contributors to benefit human health.
Zhang H, Ma ZF, Luo X, Li X. Effects of Mulberry Fruit (Morus alba L.) Consumption on Health Outcomes: A Mini-Review. Antioxidants (Basel). 2018 May 21;7(5):69. doi: 10.3390/antiox7050069.
Abstract. Mulberry (Morus alba L.) belongs to the Moraceae family and is widely planted in Asia. Mulberry fruits are generally consumed as fresh fruits, jams and juices. They contain considerable amounts of biologically active ingredients that might be associated with some potential pharmacological activities that are beneficial for health. Therefore, they have been traditionally used in traditional medicine. Studies have reported that the presence of bioactive components in mulberry fruits, including alkaloids and flavonoid, are associated with bioactivities such as antioxidant. One of the most important compounds in mulberry fruits is anthocyanins which are water-soluble bioactive ingredients of the polyphenol class. Studies have shown that mulberry fruits possess several potential pharmacological health benefits including anti-cholesterol, anti-obesity and hepatoprotective effects which might be associated with the presence of some of these bioactive compounds. However, human intervention studies on the pharmacological activities of mulberry fruits are limited. Therefore, future studies should explore the effect of mulberry fruit consumption on human health and elucidate the detailed compounds. This paper provides an overview of the pharmacological activities of mulberry fruits.
(2) Kwon RH, Thaku N, Timalsina B, Park SE, Choi JS, Jung HA. Inhibition Mechanism of Components Isolated from Morus alba Branches on Diabetes and Diabetic Complications via Experimental and Molecular Docking Analyses. Antioxidants (Basel). 2022 Feb 14;11(2):383. doi: 10.3390/antiox11020383.
Abstract. Previously, we reported the anti-diabetic effect of Morus alba root bark and the compounds therein. In our continuous study of other parts of this plant, the ability of the branch of Morus alba to inhibit α-glucosidase, protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B), and advanced glycation end products (AGEs) formation was evaluated. Moreover, there are no previous studies that have performed enzyme kinetics and molecular docking analyses, along with assessments of peroxynitrite (ONOO-) inhibitory activities. Since the Morus alba branch exhibited favorable inhibitory effects, repeated column chromatography was performed to obtain eight compounds, including four flavonoids (1, 3, 6, 8), one arylbenzofuran (2), one stilbene (5), one Diels-Alder-type adduct (7), and one sterol (4). Among them, compounds 1-3 and 5-7 were mixed-type inhibitors of α-glucosidase, sharing the same catalytic residues with acarbose and the same allosteric sites with (Z)-3-bytylidenephthalide. On the other hand, kuwanon C (1) and oxyresveratrol (5) interacted with residues of the allosteric site (α3 and α6 helices) of PTP1B, indicating their use as non-competitive inhibitors. Interestingly, kuwanon G (7) directly bound the catalytic site, or interrupted the binding between the substrate and the active site, as a mixed-type inhibitor. Moreover, most of the compounds exhibited greater activity against AGE formation and ONOO- than positive controls. The IC50 values required to inhibit ONOO- using compounds 1, 3, 5, 6, and 7 were reported for the first time, and range from 1.08 to 12.92 μM. Based on the structure-activity relationship, the presence of hydroxyl, resorcinol, and prenyl moieties was important in the prevention of diabetes' pathological mechanisms, and these findings have been further supported by molecular docking analysis. These computational and experimental results will be useful in the development of therapeutic candidates to prevent/treat diabetes and its complications.
Sarikaphuti A, Nararatwanchai T, Hashiguchi T, Ito T, Thaworanunta S, Kikuchi K, Oyama Y, Maruyama I, Tancharoen S. Preventive effects of Morus alba L. anthocyanins on diabetes in Zucker diabetic fatty rats. Exp Ther Med. 2013 Sep;6(3):689-695. doi: 10.3892/etm.2013.1203. Epub 2013 Jul 4. PMID: 24137248; PMCID: PMC3786992.
Abstract. The mulberry plant (Morus alba L.) contains abundant anthocyanins (ANCs), which are natural antioxidants. The aim of this study was to determine the ANC composition of Thai Morus alba L. fruits and to assess the effect of an ANC extract on blood glucose and insulin levels in male leptin receptor-deficient Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats. The major components of the ANC extract were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry. ZDF and lean rats were treated with 125 or 250 mg ANCs/kg body weight, or 1% carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) twice daily for 5 weeks. Neither ANC dose had an effect on body weight. Following 5 weeks of treatment, glucose levels were observed to increase from 105.5±8.7 to 396.25±21 mg/dl (P<0.0001) in the CMC-treated ZDF rats; however, the glucose levels were significantly lower in the rats treated with 125 or 250 mg/kg ANCs (228.25±45 and 131.75±10 mg/dl, respectively; P<0.001 versus CMC). The administration of 250 mg/kg ANCs normalized glucose levels in the ZDF rats towards those of the lean littermates. Insulin levels were decreased significantly in the ZDF rats treated with CMC or 125 mg/kg ANCs (P<0.0001), but not in the rats treated with 250 mg/kg ANCs. Histologically, 250 mg/kg ANCs was observed to prevent islet degeneration compared with the islets in CMC-treated rats. This study, demonstrated that ANCs extracted from Morus alba L. were well tolerated and exhibited effective anti-diabetic properties in ZDF rats. ANCs represent a promising class of therapeutic compounds that may be useful in the prevention of type 2 diabetes.
Rodrigues EL, Marcelino G, Silva GT, Figueiredo PS, Garcez WS, Corsino J, Guimarães RCA, Freitas KC. Nutraceutical and Medicinal Potential of the Morus Species in Metabolic Dysfunctions. Int J Mol Sci. 2019 Jan 14;20(2):301. doi: 10.3390/ijms20020301.
Abstract. Many populations use medicinal plants as a therapeutic treatment, due to their lower cost and greater access. Among the plant species used for medicinal purposes are those of the genus Morus. The most known species are Morus alba, rubra, and nigra. This review aims to collect data from the literature, predominantly from cell and animal studies, which presents a possible nutraceutical and medicinal potential of the species Morus for use in metabolic dysfunctions. The fruits and leaves of mulberry are used for therapeutic purposes. For scientific confirmation of these effects, they were studied for laxative properties, antibacterial activity, anti-atherogenic activity, and hepatoprotective function. Furthermore, the genus Morus is recognized for the treatment and prevention of diabetes mellitus, through its hypoglycemic action. It may also provide health benefits through immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and anti-nociceptive effects. It has been found that the Morus species have phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and anthocyanins that act as important antioxidants and promote beneficial effects on human health. These phytochemical compounds differ among species. Blackberry (Morus nigra) are rich in flavonoids, while the white mulberry (Morus alba) has low concentrations of flavonoids and anthocyanins. In addition, another important factor is to ensure a complete exemption of toxic risks in the use of medicinal plants for the treatment of diseases. Studies have shown no toxic effects by the administration of extracts of Morus species. Thus, the mulberry tree presents nutraceutical potential. It is therefore a promising alternative for medicinal products based on medicinal plants.
Evaluate |