Tetrapeptide-77 is a synthetic peptide composed of lysine, proline, and valine, widely used in various cosmetic products for its anti-aging and skin-repairing properties. It is known for its ability to enhance skin elasticity, improve hydration, and promote cellular regeneration.
Peptides, natural and synthetic, have the ability to activate an immunomodulatory action by interacting with the cells of the immune system (1).
Chemical Composition and Structure
Tetrapeptide-77 is a synthetic peptide consisting of a sequence of four amino acids: lysine (Lys), proline (Pro), and valine (Val). This specific peptide sequence contributes to its bioactive properties, improving cellular communication and enhancing the skin’s natural repair mechanisms.
Physical Properties
Tetrapeptide-77 typically appears as a white or off-white powder. It is soluble in water, making it suitable for inclusion in various cosmetic formulations such as serums, creams, and lotions. Its chemical stability and compatibility with other active ingredients make it a versatile component in skincare formulations.
Industrial Production Process
- Preparation of reagents. The main raw materials include the amino acids lysine, proline, and valine, as well as reagents necessary for peptide synthesis such as protecting reagents and activation reagents.
- Protection of amino acids. The amino acids are protected using specific protective groups to prevent undesired reactions during synthesis. For example, amine groups can be protected with the Fmoc (fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl) group and carboxyl groups with the t-butyl (tBu) group.
- Activation of amino acids. The protected amino acids are activated for the peptide coupling reaction. This can be achieved using coupling reagents such as HBTU (N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-O-(1H-benzotriazol-1-yl)uronium hexafluorophosphate) or DIC (diisopropylcarbodiimide).
- Peptide synthesis. The synthesis of the tetrapeptide is carried out sequentially. The initial amino acid is fixed to a solid support (resin) and the subsequent amino acids are added one at a time through coupling reactions. Each cycle includes activation of the amino acid, coupling with the previous amino acid, and removal of the protective group.
Coupling of lysine: The protected lysine is activated and coupled to the resin.
Coupling of proline: The protected proline is activated and coupled to lysine.
Coupling of valine: The protected valine is activated and coupled to proline.
Coupling of lysine: The protected lysine is activated and coupled to valine.
- Removal of protective groups. After all amino acids have been coupled, the protective groups are removed to release the tetrapeptide from the resin.
- Purification. The crude tetrapeptide is purified using techniques such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to remove any impurities and obtain a pure product.
- Drying. The purified tetrapeptide is dried to remove residual solvents and obtain a dry product.
- Quality control. The purified tetrapeptide undergoes rigorous quality testing to ensure it meets standards for purity and safety. These tests include amino acid sequence analysis, mass spectrometry, and chromatography.
What it is used for and where
Cosmetics - INCI Functions
Skin conditioning agent - Emollient. Emollients have the characteristic of enhancing the skin barrier through a source of exogenous lipids that adhere to the skin, improving barrier properties by filling gaps in intercorneocyte clusters to improve hydration while protecting against inflammation. In practice, they have the ability to create a barrier that prevents transepidermal water loss. Emollients are described as degreasing or refreshing additives that improve the lipid content of the upper layers of the skin by preventing degreasing and drying of the skin. The problem with emollients is that many have a strong lipophilic character and are identified as occlusive ingredients; they are oily and fatty materials that remain on the skin surface and reduce transepidermal water loss. In cosmetics, emollients and moisturisers are often considered synonymous with humectants and occlusives.
Cosmetic and Personal Care Applications
Anti-Aging Products: Tetrapeptide-77 is widely used in anti-aging products for its ability to stimulate collagen and elastin synthesis. It helps reduce the appearance of wrinkles and fine lines, improving skin firmness and elasticity.
Serums and Essences: In serums and essences, Tetrapeptide-77 acts as a powerful regenerating agent. It enhances cellular regeneration and tissue repair, making the skin smoother and more radiant.
Creams and Lotions: It is included in moisturizing creams and lotions to improve skin texture and provide a plumping effect. Its ability to penetrate deeper skin layers contributes to prolonged hydration and a youthful appearance.
Eye Treatments: Tetrapeptide-77 is ideal for use in eye creams and gels due to its anti-inflammatory properties. It helps reduce puffiness, dark circles, and fine lines around the eyes.
Safety
Tetrapeptide-77 is generally considered safe for use in cosmetic products. It is non-irritating and suitable for all skin types, including sensitive skin. However, it is always important to use it according to recommended guidelines to ensure product safety and efficacy. As a synthetic peptide, it is biodegradable and poses minimal risk to the environment when disposed of properly.
