Turmeric is the rhyzo of Curcuma longa L. one of the 100 species of Curcuma belonging to the Zingiberaceae family.

Curcuma longa, commonly known as turmeric, is a perennial plant belonging to the Zingiberaceae family. Native to the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia, it is widely cultivated for its rhizomes, which are processed into the spice known as turmeric. This spice is celebrated for its vibrant yellow color and numerous health benefits, making it a key ingredient in Indian cuisine and various Ayurvedic remedies.

Botanical Classification

Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Angiosperms
Class: Monocots
Order: Zingiberales
Family: Zingiberaceae
Genus: Curcuma
Species: C. longa

Plant Characteristics

Curcuma longa grows up to a meter in height, featuring broad, lanceolate leaves arranged around thick, short stems. Flowers are rarely seen in cultivation as the plant is primarily grown for its underground rhizomes. The rhizomes have a rough brown skin and an inner flesh that ranges from orange-yellow to deep golden-yellow, depending on the variety.

Chemical Composition and Structure

The primary bioactive compound in the rhizome of Curcuma longa is curcumin, which is responsible for its distinctive color and most of its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. In addition to curcumin, it contains various essential oils that contribute to its unique aromatic profile.

Uses and Benefits

Turmeric is used both as a spice and as a component in numerous health products. It is known for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and potentially anti-cancer properties. Traditionally, it has been used to treat skin disorders, digestive system ailments, and immune system issues.

Applications

• Culinary: Widely used as a spice in Asian cuisines, especially in the preparation of curries and other spiced dishes.
• Medicinal: Turmeric and curcumin supplements are popular for treating inflammation, joint pain, and other conditions.
• Cosmetic: Turmeric extracts are used in skincare products for their antioxidant and brightening properties.

Environmental and Safety Considerations

Cultivating Curcuma longa is generally safe and does not present significant environmental risks. However, as with all natural products, the use of turmeric should be carefully monitored, especially in individuals with pre-existing medical conditions or those taking regular medications, due to its potent biological properties. Sustainability in cultivation is crucial to maintaining the health of ecosystems where it is grown.

Turmeric, food ingredient

Description

• Turmeric is the powdered rhizome of Curcuma longa, a plant from the Zingiberaceae family.

• Used as a spice, natural colorant, and functional ingredient, turmeric is valued for its warm, earthy aroma and intense yellow–orange color.

• The powder contains curcuminoids, essential oil, starch, and fiber.

• Widely used in culinary applications, beverages, seasoning blends, ready meals, and functional foods.

Indicative nutritional values per 100 g

(Values refer to typical culinary-grade turmeric powder.)

• Energy: 300–350 kcal

• Carbohydrates: 60–70 g

  • Sugars: 3–5 g

  • Dietary fiber: 20–25 g

• Proteins: 7–10 g

• Lipids: 4–7 g

  • SFA (first occurrence): ~2–3 g

  • MUFA: ~1–2 g

  • PUFA: ~1 g

  • TFA: absent

• Minerals: potassium, manganese, iron, magnesium

• Vitamins: small amounts of vitamin C, B6, and choline

Key constituents

• Curcuminoids: curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, bisdemethoxycurcumin.

• Essential oils: turmerone, atlantone, zingiberene.

• Starch and dietary fiber.

• Phenolics and antioxidant compounds.

• Minerals: potassium, manganese, iron.

Production process

• Harvesting: rhizomes collected at full maturity.

• Cleaning & boiling: to inactivate enzymes and stabilize color.

• Drying: sun-drying or hot-air drying to reduce moisture.

• Grinding: into fine powder; optional sterilization or steam treatment.

• Sieving & quality control: particle size, color, curcuminoid content, moisture, and microbiological parameters per GMP/HACCP.

• Packaging: typically in moisture-proof, light-protected containers.

Physical properties

• Appearance: bright yellow to orange powder.

• Moisture: 8–12%.

• Particle size: varies with grinding process (fine powders preferred for uniform dispersion).

• Solubility: not water-soluble; dispersible in fats and emulsions.

• pH stability: stable in slightly acidic to neutral matrices; color shifts in alkaline conditions.

• Odor: warm, earthy, slightly peppery.

Sensory and technological properties

• Taste: earthy, slightly bitter, spicy, warm.

• Aroma: characteristic, resinous, mildly gingery.

• Color: intense yellow–orange with high tinting strength.

• Technological roles:

  • Natural colorant for sauces, rice dishes, snacks, bakery, beverages.

  • Flavoring agent in spice blends and curry mixes.

  • Mild antioxidant protection in lipid-containing foods.

  • Functional ingredient in wellness-oriented products.

Food applications

• Spice blends (curry powder, masala).

• Rice dishes, soups, stews, legumes, vegetables.

• Condiments: mustards, dressings, pickles.

• Beverages (turmeric latte, herbal infusions, nutridrinks).

• Savory snacks and extruded products.

• Bakery and plant-based products.

• Functional foods and nutritional formulations.

Nutrition & health

• Contains curcuminoids with potential:

  • antioxidant properties

  • modulation of inflammatory pathways

  • digestive and hepatic support

• Naturally low in fat and free of cholesterol.

• High fiber content supports digestion.

• Bioavailability of curcumin from turmeric powder is low; pairing with lipids or piperine enhances absorption.

• Excessive intake is not recommended for people with certain hepatobiliary conditions (medical supervision advised).

Portion note

• Culinary use: 0.5–3 g per serving depending on dish and flavor intensity.

• Functional beverages: typically 1–2 g per serving.

Allergens and intolerances

• Turmeric is not a major allergen.

• Rare cases of individual sensitivity exist.

• Generally free from gluten and lactose unless contaminated during processing.

• Check for cross-contamination depending on the manufacturing facility.

Storage and shelf-life

• Store tightly closed, protected from light, heat, and humidity.

• Shelf-life: typically 24–36 months in ideal storage conditions.

• Exposure to air and light may reduce aroma and color over time.

Safety and regulatory

• Considered safe as a food ingredient when used within normal dietary levels.

• Must comply with regulations for contaminants (pesticides, heavy metals, aflatoxins) and microbiological criteria.

• Production must meet GMP/HACCP requirements.

• When used primarily for coloring, may fall under specific colorant regulations (related to curcumin/E100).

Labeling

• Typical declarations:

  • “turmeric”

  • “Curcuma longa powder”

• When used for color, some regions may require: “color: turmeric” or “curcumin (E100)” depending on function and extraction level.

• Allergen labeling only if added ingredients (carriers, anticaking agents) introduce allergens.

Troubleshooting

• Color fading:

  • Caused by light, oxidation, or high pH.

  • Use opaque packaging, stabilize pH, reduce oxygen exposure.

• Clumping:

  • Due to humidity; improve packaging or use anticaking agents.

• Bitterness in formulation:

  • Overdosage or interaction with other bitter ingredients; reduce level or adjust flavor matrix.

• Uneven color dispersion:

  • Caused by poor mixing; disperse in oil or emulsifier before adding to water-based systems.

Sustainability and supply chain

• Mainly cultivated in tropical regions (India, Southeast Asia).

• Key sustainability factors:

  • responsible agriculture (reduced pesticides, crop rotation)

  • energy-efficient drying practices

  • waste management from washing and cleaning operations

• Effluents from processing should be monitored for BOD/COD to reduce environmental impact.

• Turmeric residues can be used as compost or animal feed.

Main INCI functions (cosmetics)

(When used as “Curcuma Longa Root Powder” or “Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract”)

• Antioxidant agent.

• Skin-conditioning component.

• Soothing and brightening potential.

• Provides a natural yellow tint to cosmetic formulations.

Conclusion

Turmeric is a versatile ingredient widely used for its color, aroma, and functional potential. It is essential in culinary traditions, functional beverages, and modern food applications. Proper handling, stabilization, and storage preserve its sensory qualities and ensure safety throughout the supply chain. Its natural positioning and multifunctionality make it valuable for both food and cosmetic industries.

Mini-glossary

• SFA – Saturated fatty acids: excessive intake may increase LDL cholesterol; turmeric contains moderate amounts, but actual intake is small due to low dosage.

• MUFA – Monounsaturated fatty acids: generally beneficial for cardiovascular health.

• PUFA – Polyunsaturated fatty acids: include omega-3 and omega-6 families, important for inflammation and metabolic functions.

• TFA – Trans fatty acids: industrial forms are harmful; turmeric contains none.

• GMP/HACCP – Good Manufacturing Practices / Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points: systems ensuring safe and traceable production.

• BOD/COD – Biological oxygen demand / chemical oxygen demand: indicators used to evaluate the environmental impact of processing wastewater.

Studies

It has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-apoptotic pharmacological properties. It can be used in the control of the aging process involving oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis. Recently, several reports have suggested that there are several nutraceuticals that have an effect on aging, such as Ginkgo Biloba, Resveratrol and Turmeric.

For its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, Turmeric is used to treat an incredible number of diseases (for review see Kumar et al, 2011;. Gupta et al, 2013; Chin, 2016). Oxidative stress and inflammatory processes have been involved in the pathogenesis of several disorders such as senile dementia and therefore Turmeric extract is considered a drug. Recent studies have focused on the effect that Turmeric has on the aging process (to review see Trujillo et al., 2014), with a focus on the brain. The neural aging process produces a reduction in memory and learning due to anatomical changes such as the reduction in the size of the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus (for a review see Flores et al., 2016a, c) (1).

Inside, we find Curcumin, a polyphenol that has the ability to inhibit the peroxidation of lipids and that can eliminate harmful free radicals (2).

Some species of Turmeric that have healthy aspects similar to the Curcuma longa:

• Curcuma longa
• Curcuma raktakanda
• Curcuma zedoaria 
• Curcuma caesia 
• Curcuma wenyujin
• Curcuma amada
• Curcuma domestica
• Curcuma amada roxb.

Safety

Turmeric is generally used as a safe dietary supplement, however the literature cites several cases of turmeric-induced hepatitis (3).

Turmeric studies

References____________________________________________

(1) Curcuma longa L. extract improves the cortical neural connectivity during the aging process.
Flores G.
Neural Regen Res. 2017 Jun;12(6):875-880. doi: 10.4103/1673-5374.208542. Review.

(2) Motterlini R, Foresti R, Bassi R, et al. Curcumin, an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent, induces heme oxygenase-1 and protects endothelial cells against oxidative stress. Free Radical Bio Med. 2000;28:1303–1312.

(3) Turmeric Induced Liver Injury: A Report of Two Cases.  Luber RP, Rentsch C, Lontos S, Pope JD, Aung AK, Schneider HG, Kemp W, Roberts SK, Majeed A.  Case Reports Hepatol. 2019 Apr 28;2019:6741213. doi: 10.1155/2019/6741213

Abstract. Turmeric is a commonly used oral herbal supplement with purported anti-inflammatory and antineoplastic properties. It is promoted as safe, with limited reports of severe adverse effects directly related to oral turmeric thus far in the literature. Herein we report two cases of turmeric supplement induced severe hepatitis. These cases highlight the need for physicians to be aware of patients taking this common supplement and the potential risks that exist.