Jasmine rice (Oryza sativa L., aromatic long-grain variety)

Description

Jasmine rice (often called “Thai fragrant rice” or “Thai hom mali rice”) is an aromatic long-grain variety of Oryza sativa L. originating from Thailand and widely cultivated in several Southeast Asian countries. It belongs to the family of fragrant rices, characterised by a distinctive natural aroma and soft texture after cooking.

The grain is long, fairly slender and slightly translucent, with a smooth surface and mainly vitreous (glassy) endosperm. During cooking it develops a sweet, floral, pandan-/popcorn-like aroma, which is a key factor in its culinary value. Texturally, cooked Jasmine rice is soft and slightly sticky: the grains remain distinguishable but lightly cling to one another, a behaviour intermediate between very dry long-grain types and highly sticky/glutinous rices.

Jasmine rice is available as white (polished) rice and as brown (wholegrain) jasmine, which retains bran and germ. Brown jasmine has a firmer consistency, more fibre and a slightly nuttier flavour, while white jasmine is softer and more delicate, and is the form most commonly used in household and food-service applications.

Botanical classification
Common name: Jasmine rice (aromatic long-grain rice)
Clade: Angiosperms
Order: Poales
Family: Poaceae
Genus: Oryza
Species: Oryza sativa L.

Cultivation and growth conditions

Climate
Jasmine rice is a cultivar originating from Southeast Asia, particularly Thailand. It is suited to tropical and subtropical climates, with hot summers, high air humidity and abundant water availability. It requires a growing season free from frost, with consistently high temperatures during tillering, stem elongation and flowering. The crop is sensitive to low temperatures and to sudden thermal fluctuations.

Exposure
Jasmine rice needs full sun to ensure optimal photosynthetic activity and good panicle development. Under shaded conditions, growth is slower, heading is reduced and the number of filled grains per panicle decreases.

Soil
The crop is generally grown on flat soils suitable for flooding. It prefers silt–clay or clay–loam soils with good water-holding capacity and a fair amount of organic matter. Very sandy, highly permeable soils are unfavourable, as they do not allow stable water levels. The ideal pH ranges from slightly acidic to neutral.

Irrigation
Jasmine rice is usually cultivated under controlled flooding, maintaining a shallow water layer over the soil for much of the crop cycle. Regulation of water levels during pre-emergence, tillering, stem elongation and ripening is essential to control weeds, reduce water stress and promote uniform plant development. Water-level fluctuations or unplanned dry periods reduce both yield and quality.

Temperature
Optimal temperatures for germination are above 12–13 °C, while for vegetative growth and flowering the ideal range is 22–32 °C. Cold episodes during anthesis impair fertilization, whereas intense heat waves, combined with strong radiation and dry winds, can cause grain scorching and reduction of aroma.

Fertilization
Jasmine rice requires balanced nutrition with nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K):

• Nitrogen, applied in split doses, promotes good tillering without excessive lodging;

• Phosphorus supports early root system development;

• Potassium contributes to lodging resistance and grain quality.

Excess nitrogen can increase fungal diseases, favour lodging and reduce the intensity and persistence of the characteristic aroma of this cultivar.

Crop care
Main agronomic practices include:

• weed control through crop rotation, possible false sowing, mechanical methods and/or selective herbicides;

• accurate land levelling to ensure uniform flooding;

• careful management of water levels at all stages to limit unwanted aquatic weeds and reduce stress;

• monitoring of diseases (e.g. blast) and pests, adopting integrated pest management strategies;

• selection of an appropriate sowing density to limit internal competition and lodging risk.

Good air circulation within the canopy helps maintain plant health and supports proper panicle formation.

Harvesting
Harvest takes place when grain ripening is uniform and grain moisture is suitable for combine harvesting. Excessive delays may cause lodging, shattering and loss of quality (breakage, defects, reduced aromatic expression). After harvest, grain is dried to a moisture content appropriate for safe storage and subsequent milling and processing.

Propagation
Jasmine rice is propagated using certified seed, to ensure genetic uniformity, typical aroma and consistent grain type. On farm, paddy sowing may be carried out broadcast or in rows, on dry soil or under water, adjusting the seed rate according to target plant density, soil fertility and the cultivation technique adopted.

Indicative nutritional values per 100 g

(raw white jasmine rice – average)

• Energy: ~ 350–360 kcal

• Water: ~ 8–13 g

• Total carbohydrates: ~ 75–78 g

  • mainly starch

• Dietary fibre: ~ 0.5–1.5 g (higher in brown jasmine)

• Protein: ~ 6–8 g

• Total fat: ~ 0.5–1 g

  • first occurrence SFA (Saturated Fatty Acids): small fraction of total fat; excessive dietary SFA intake is linked to higher LDL cholesterol

  • MUFA (MonoUnsaturated Fatty Acids): minor share of the lipid fraction

  • PUFA (PolyUnsaturated Fatty Acids): generally comparable to or slightly higher than MUFA

Micronutrients (in modest amounts) include B-group vitamins and minerals such as phosphorus, magnesium, iron and zinc. Brown jasmine retains more of these constituents than white jasmine, due to the presence of bran and germ.

Key constituents

• Complex carbohydrates

  • starch (amylose + amylopectin), the main energy source

• Proteins

  • rice storage proteins in moderate quantity

• Lipid fraction

  • very low overall fat content, with SFA, MUFA and PUFA all present in small amounts

• Dietary fibre

  • modest in white jasmine, noticeably higher in brown jasmine

• Micronutrients

  • B-group vitamins and minerals in small to moderate amounts (reduced by milling in white rice)

• Aromatic volatiles

  • specific compounds responsible for the characteristic floral/pandan-like aroma

Production process

1. Cultivation

   • grown mainly in tropical paddy fields in Southeast Asia

   • cultivation under flooded or semi-flooded conditions with controlled irrigation, fertilisation and plant protection

2. Harvesting

   • mechanical harvesting of paddy (rough rice) at full grain maturity

3. Drying

   • reduction of grain moisture to safe storage levels

4. Cleaning and storage

   • removal of foreign material (straw, stones, weed seeds)

   • storage of paddy under controlled humidity and temperature

5. Dehusking and milling

   • dehusking to obtain brown jasmine rice

   • for white jasmine: additional milling/whitening and optional polishing to remove bran layers

6. Sorting and packaging

   • separation of broken kernels and defective grains

   • packaging into consumer units, often highlighting origin (e.g. “Thai Hom Mali Jasmine Rice”)

Physical properties

• Grain type: long-grain aromatic rice

• Shape: elongated, slender, slightly tapered

• Endosperm: mainly vitreous, with limited chalkiness

• Colour: white to off-white in polished form; light brown in wholegrain form

• Water absorption: moderate to high, accompanied by length increase and softening during cooking

Sensory and technological properties

• Aroma: floral, pandan-/popcorn-like, naturally present without flavouring

• Flavour: mild, slightly sweet and cereal-like

• Texture (cooked):

  • soft and tender

  • grains lightly adhere to each other (slightly sticky), but do not form a compact mass

Technological behaviour

• suitable for absorption and steaming methods

• the slight stickiness helps the rice hold together with sauces and stir-fried components

• not ideal where very dry, completely separate grains are essential over long holding times

• less suited to preparations requiring high starch release and creamy textures (e.g. classic Italian risotto)

Food uses

• staple component in Thai, Lao, Cambodian and Vietnamese cuisines

• side dish for curries, stir-fries, grilled meats, fish and vegetable dishes

• base for one-dish meals, bowls and plate combinations

• component of fried rice and wok preparations

• occasionally used in some desserts and sweet dishes that call for long-grain aromatic rice

Nutrition and health

Jasmine rice is a refined cereal providing mainly complex carbohydrates with moderate protein and very low fat.

Key points:

• white jasmine has relatively low fibre; brown jasmine offers more fibre, which supports intestinal function and satiety

• jasmine rice is naturally gluten-free, making it suitable for people with coeliac disease or gluten intolerance, as long as cross-contamination is avoided

• the glycaemic index (GI) of white jasmine is generally in the medium-to-high range among white rices; brown jasmine tends to have a somewhat lower GI, thanks to the bran and higher fibre content

• the health impact in practice depends strongly on portion size, frequency of consumption and overall meal composition (presence of vegetables, pulses, protein sources and fats)

Jasmine rice can form part of a balanced diet when consumed in appropriate portions and combined with nutrient-dense foods.

Portion note

Typical dry jasmine rice portions:

• main carbohydrate component of a meal: 70–80 g per person

• side dish: 50–60 g per person

These amounts should be adapted to individual energy requirements and meal structure.

Allergens and intolerances

• jasmine rice is naturally gluten-free

• suitable for gluten-free diets if grown, milled and packaged in conditions that avoid cross-contact with gluten-containing cereals

• true rice allergies are rare; most people tolerate rice well

• brown jasmine’s higher fibre content may cause digestive discomfort in sensitive individuals if introduced abruptly in large amounts

Storage and shelf-life

Raw jasmine rice

• store in a cool, dry place, away from direct sunlight and strong odours

• keep in original closed packaging or in airtight containers after opening

• typical shelf-life for packaged white jasmine rice: up to about 24 months, depending on producer and storage conditions

• brown jasmine generally has a shorter shelf-life due to higher oil content in bran and germ, which is more prone to oxidation

Cooked jasmine rice

• cool rapidly if not consumed immediately

• store refrigerated in closed containers

• consume preferably within 24 hours, respecting hygiene rules

Safety and regulatory aspects

• jasmine rice is regulated under general legislation for rice and cereal products

• subject to controls on contaminants (e.g. pesticide residues, heavy metals, mycotoxins) and microbiological criteria

• when marketed with geographic indications (e.g. “Thai Hom Mali Jasmine Rice”), it must meet the relevant origin and quality specifications

• products labelled as “gluten-free” must comply with legal thresholds for gluten and with specific production and control requirements

Labelling

For packaged jasmine rice, the label generally includes:

• sales name (e.g. “Jasmine rice”, “Thai fragrant jasmine rice”)

• net quantity

• best-before date and batch identification

• storage instructions (“store in a cool, dry place”)

• nutrition declaration per 100 g (and optionally per serving)

• country of origin/production, especially for products marketed on the basis of geographical origin

• cooking instructions (water/rice ratio, cooking time)

• any voluntary claims (e.g. “gluten-free”, “wholegrain”, “organic”) only when conditions are fulfilled

Troubleshooting

In cooking

• Overly sticky or clumped grains

  • possible causes: too much water, overcooking, insufficient rinsing

  • corrective measures: rinse rice before cooking until the water is less cloudy; adjust water ratio; avoid excessive stirring

• Grains too dry or firm

  • possible causes: too little water or cooking time too short

  • corrective measures: modestly increase water or cooking time and re-test; adjust recipe for future preparations

• Loss of aroma

  • possible causes: long storage, cooking with excessive water or for too long

  • corrective measures: use relatively fresh rice, respect recommended cooking time and avoid repeated reheating

In storage

• Off-odours

  • can occur if rice is stored near strong-smelling foods or products

  • solution: use well-sealed containers and store away from aromatic substances

• Insect infestation

  • may appear after prolonged storage or in warm, humid conditions

  • solution: discard infested product, clean storage area, and use airtight containers in cool, dry places

Main INCI functions (cosmetics)

Cosmetic ingredients do not distinguish jasmine as a variety; they refer to rice at species level as Oryza sativa. Typical rice-derived INCI ingredients are:

• Oryza Sativa (Rice) Starch – used as absorbent, opacifying and texturising agent in powders and skin-care products

• Oryza Sativa (Rice) Bran Oil – skin conditioning and emollient oil used in creams, lotions and hair-care products

• Oryza Sativa (Rice) Extract – used mainly for skin conditioning and to provide minor antioxidant support

Jasmine rice can be one of the possible raw materials, but the specific variety is not indicated on the INCI list.

Conclusion

Jasmine rice is an aromatic long-grain rice that combines a distinctive floral, pandan-like aroma with a soft, slightly sticky texture. It is a staple in many Southeast Asian cuisines and performs particularly well as a base for curries, stir-fries, grilled dishes and aromatic bowls, where its sensory identity enhances the overall dish.

Nutritionally, white jasmine rice behaves like other refined white rices: it is rich in complex carbohydrates, provides moderate protein, very little fat and no gluten. Brown jasmine offers additional fibre and micronutrients, with somewhat different textural and glycaemic characteristics. When used with appropriate portion control and combined with vegetables, pulses, quality fats and proteins, jasmine rice can fit comfortably into a balanced, varied diet.

Mini-glossary

• Aromatic rice – rice varieties that naturally develop volatile compounds giving a characteristic scent (e.g. jasmine, basmati).

• Vitreous endosperm – translucent, glassy internal structure of the grain, typical of non-pearled rices.

• Glycaemic index (GI) – numerical indicator of how quickly a food containing carbohydrates raises blood glucose compared with a reference food.

• Wholegrain (brown) rice – rice from which only the outer husk is removed; bran and germ are retained, increasing fibre and micronutrient content.

• SFA – Saturated Fatty Acids; dietary fats that, when consumed in excess, are associated with increased LDL cholesterol.

• MUFA – MonoUnsaturated Fatty Acids; unsaturated fats that can improve lipid profiles when replacing part of SFA.

• PUFA – PolyUnsaturated Fatty Acids; include n-6 and n-3 fatty acids, important for various physiological functions when consumed in adequate amounts and balance.

Studies

In general, rice contains more than 100 bioactive substances mainly in its bran layer including phytic acid, isovitexin, gamma-oryzanol, phytosterols, octacosanol, squalene, gamma-aminobutyric acid, tocopherol and derived from tocotrienol (1), antioxidants.

It does not contain beta carotene (provitamin A) and has a very low iron and zinc content (2).

In rice bran there are bioactive phytochemicals that exert protective actions against cancer that involve the metabolism of the host and the intestinal microbiome. A diet based on rice bran has shown positive effects in reducing the risk of colon cancer (3).

Rice studies

Allergies: Be careful, rice contains a certain amount of lactose.

The most common types of rice used are :

• Arborio : large grains,  the most common in Italy
• Ribe : elongated grains.
• Thaibonnet : medium, elongated and fine grains
• Rome : large grains
• Basmati : thin and elongated grains. Grown in Pakistan and India
• Carnaroli : large grains
• Vialone nano : large, round grains
• Original or Balilla : small round grains
• Jasmine : fine grains of Asian origin
• Red : red, small and narrow grains
• Wild : Zizania palustris
• Baldo : large, shiny grains
• Ganges : from India
• Footboard : releases a lot of starch
• Venus : from China and the Po Valley
• Patna : from Thailand. Long and narrow grains
• Sant'Andrea : Thick and long grains. Releases a lot of starch

Rice viruses and pests: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Rice yellow mottle virus, Magnaporthe oryzae , Rice Tungro Bacilliform Virus , Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Kuschel, Oebalus pugnax, Xanthomonas oryzae

References____________________________________________________________________

(1)  Bidlack W. Phytochemicals as bioacive agents. Lancaster, Basel, Switzerland: Technomic Publishing Co., Inc; 1999. pp. 25–36.

(2) Singh SP, Gruissem W, Bhullar NK.   Single genetic locus improvement of iron, zinc and β-carotene content in rice grains.    Sci Rep. 2017 Jul 31;7(1):6883. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-07198-5.

Abstract. Nearly half of the world's population obtains its daily calories from rice grains, which lack or have insufficient levels of essential micronutrients. The deficiency of micronutrients vital for normal growth is a global health problem, and iron, zinc and vitamin A deficiencies are the most prevalent ones. We developed rice lines expressing Arabidopsis NICOTIANAMINE SYNTHASE 1 (AtNAS1), bean FERRITIN (PvFERRITIN), bacterial CAROTENE DESATURASE (CRTI) and maize PHYTOENE SYNTHASE (ZmPSY) in a single genetic locus in order to increase iron, zinc and β-carotene content in the rice endosperm. NAS catalyzes the synthesis of nicotianamine (NA), which is a precursor of deoxymugeneic acid (DMA) iron and zinc chelators, and also chelate iron and zinc for long distance transport. FERRITIN provides efficient storage of up to 4500 iron ions. PSY catalyzes the conversion of GGDP to phytoene, and CRTI performs the function of desaturases required for the synthesis of β-carotene from phytoene. All transgenic rice lines have significantly increased β-carotene, iron, and zinc content in the polished rice grains. Our results establish a proof-of-concept for multi-nutrient enrichment of rice grains from a single genetic locus, thus offering a sustainable and effective approach to address different micronutrient deficiencies at once.

(3) Zarei I, Oppel RC, Borresen EC, Brown RJ, Ryan EP. Modulation of plasma and urine metabolome in colorectal cancer survivors consuming rice bran.  Integr Food Nutr Metab. 2019 May;6(3). doi: 10.15761/IFNM.1000252.

Abstract. Rice bran has bioactive phytochemicals with cancer protective actions that involve metabolism by the host and the gut microbiome. Globally, colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third leading cause of cancer-related death and the increased incidence is largely attributed to poor dietary patterns, including low daily fiber intake. A dietary intervention trial was performed to investigate the impact of rice bran consumption on the plasma and urine metabolome of CRC survivors. Nineteen CRC survivors participated in a randomized-controlled trial that included consumption of heat-stabilized rice bran (30 g/day) or a control diet without rice bran for 4 weeks. A fasting plasma and first void of the morning urine sample were analyzed by non-targeted metabolomics using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). After 4 weeks of either rice bran or control diets, 12 plasma and 16 urine metabolites were significantly different between the groups (p≤0.05). Rice bran intake increased relative abundance of plasma mannose (1.373-fold) and beta-citrylglutamate (BCG) (1.593-fold), as well as increased urine N-formylphenylalanine (2.191-fold) and dehydroisoandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) (4.488-fold). Diet affected metabolites, such as benzoate, mannose, eicosapentaenoate (20:5n3) (EPA), and N-formylphenylalanine have been previously reported for cancer protection and were identified from the rice bran food metabolome. Nutritional metabolome changes following increased consumption of whole grains such as rice bran warrants continued investigation for colon cancer control and prevention attributes as dietary biomarkers for positive effects are needed to reduce high risk for colorectal cancer recurrence.

Brown DG, Borresen EC, Brown RJ, Ryan EP. Heat-stabilised rice bran consumption by colorectal cancer survivors modulates stool metabolite profiles and metabolic networks: a randomised controlled trial. Br J Nutr. 2017 May;117(9):1244-1256. doi: 10.1017/S0007114517001106. 

Abstract. Rice bran (RB) consumption has been shown to reduce colorectal cancer (CRC) growth in mice and modify the human stool microbiome. Changes in host and microbial metabolism induced by RB consumption was hypothesised to modulate the stool metabolite profile in favour of promoting gut health and inhibiting CRC growth. The objective was to integrate gut microbial metabolite profiles and identify metabolic pathway networks for CRC chemoprevention using non-targeted metabolomics. In all, nineteen CRC survivors participated in a parallel randomised controlled dietary intervention trial that included daily consumption of study-provided foods with heat-stabilised RB (30 g/d) or no additional ingredient (control). Stool samples were collected at baseline and 4 weeks and analysed using GC-MS and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-MS. Stool metabolomics revealed 93 significantly different metabolites in individuals consuming RB. A 264-fold increase in β-hydroxyisovaleroylcarnitine and 18-fold increase in β-hydroxyisovalerate exemplified changes in leucine, isoleucine and valine metabolism in the RB group. A total of thirty-nine stool metabolites were significantly different between RB and control groups, including increased hesperidin (28-fold) and narirutin (14-fold). Metabolic pathways impacted in the RB group over time included advanced glycation end products, steroids and bile acids. Fatty acid, leucine/valine and vitamin B6 metabolic pathways were increased in RB compared with control. There were 453 metabolites identified in the RB food metabolome, thirty-nine of which were identified in stool from RB consumers. RB consumption favourably modulated the stool metabolome of CRC survivors and these findings suggest the need for continued dietary CRC chemoprevention efforts.

Beyer P, Al-Babili S, Ye X, Lucca P, Schaub P, Welsch R, Potrykus I. Golden Rice: introducing the beta-carotene biosynthesis pathway into rice endosperm by genetic engineering to defeat vitamin A deficiency. J Nutr. 2002 Mar;132(3):506S-510S. doi: 10.1093/jn/132.3.506S. 

 Abstract. To obtain a functioning provitamin A (beta-carotene) biosynthetic pathway in rice endosperm, we introduced in a single, combined transformation effort the cDNA coding for phytoene synthase (psy) and lycopene beta-cyclase (beta-lcy) both from Narcissus pseudonarcissus and both under the control of the endosperm-specific glutelin promoter together with a bacterial phytoene desaturase (crtI, from Erwinia uredovora under constitutive 35S promoter control). This combination covers the requirements for beta-carotene synthesis and, as hoped, yellow beta-carotene-bearing rice endosperm was obtained in the T(0)-generation. Additional experiments revealed that the presence of beta-lcy was not necessary, because psy and crtI alone were able to drive beta-carotene synthesis as well as the formation of further downstream xanthophylls. Plausible explanations for this finding are that these downstream enzymes are constitutively expressed in rice endosperm or are induced by the transformation, e.g., by enzymatically formed products. Results using N. pseudonarcissus as a model system led to the development of a hypothesis, our present working model, that trans-lycopene or a trans-lycopene derivative acts as an inductor in a kind of feedback mechanism stimulating endogenous carotenogenic genes. Various institutional arrangements for disseminating Golden Rice to research institutes in developing countries also are discussed.