Review BAKEL LACTI-TECH 1 FL.OZ.30ML

What is it for 

Ingredienti

Let's examine the most significant ingredients in order of quantity as indicated on the label. Here is a brief summary due to space constraints. For the full text, studies, and bibliography, simply click on the ingredient, and if you wish to delve deeper, it is perhaps a somewhat complex read because it involvesscientific studies, but it clarifies the relationship between the ingredient and health.

Rosa centifolia flower water Rose centifolia floral water, also known as rose water, belongs to the Rosaceae family and is a fragrant liquid obtained from the steam distillation of Rosa centifolia petals. It is used in cosmetology for its toning, soothing, and astringent properties. Refreshing: It offers an immediate sensation of freshness when sprayed or applied to the skin. Soothing: Rose water is known to calm skin irritations and reduce redness. Hydrating: Helps maintain the skin's natural moisture balance. Toning: Used as a toner, it can help tighten pores and remove residual makeup and impurities. Fragrance: It imparts a delicate rose scent to products and can be used as a natural perfume. 

Glycerin Trivalent, hygroscopic alcohol. Glycerin is the commercial name when the glycerol content is at 95%, but the terms Glycerin and Glycerol are mostly used interchangeably to identify the same product. In practice: the pure chemical component is called glycerol, whereas glycerin contains about 95% glycerol. It acts as a humectant and conditioning agent.

Lactobionic acid It is an organic acid used in cosmetic and pharmaceutical products for its exfoliating and moisturizing properties. It is a derivative of lactose and is used to improve the skin and treat various skin issues. In cosmetics, lactobionic acid is valued for its ability to gently exfoliate the skin without causing irritation. It is used in serums, creams, and lotions to enhance the appearance of the skin, reduce the visibility of wrinkles, and increase hydration. 

Sclerotium gum is a product derived from the fungus Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. (Athelia rolfsii), which belongs to the Atheliaceae family. It is the primary source for the production of scleroglucan. It is used as a thickening and gelling agent in various cosmetic and personal care products. Functions include emulsion stabilizer, skin conditioning agent, and viscosity increasing agent in aqueous solutions. It is used in a variety of personal care products, including lotions, creams, and gels, as a thickener and stabilizer. It helps to improve the texture and consistency of the product. 

Lactobacillus Ferment  is a natural compound derived from the fermentation of Lactobacillus bacteria, a diverse group that includes many species used in food, cosmetics, and medicine. It is often incorporated into probiotic cosmetics that aim to balance the skin's microflora, soothe irritated skin, and reduce inflammation.

Glycyrrhiza Uralensis Root Extract Used in skin care products for its anti-inflammatory and soothing properties, which help reduce redness, irritation, and sensitivity. It also improves skin tone and texture. Anti-Aging: Used in anti-aging formulations for its antioxidant properties, which protect the skin from oxidative stress and environmental damage. 

Camellia Sinensis Leaf Extract Camellia sinensis is the plant from which tea (green, black, oolong, and others) is derived and is widely used for ethno-pharmacological purposes, mainly due to the presence of bioactive components such as phenolic compounds (gallic acid, p-coumaric acid, and caffeic acid), purine alkaloids (theobromine, caffeine, and theophylline), anthocyanins, flavonol glycosides (kaempferol, myricetin, and quercetin), and flavonoids (catechins). It performs numerous functions: antimicrobial, antioxidant, astringent, conditioning, humectant, fragrance, tonic, and UV absorbent. 

Sodium hydroxyde commonly known as caustic soda, is a highly versatile inorganic compound used in various industrial and cosmetic applications. It is a strong base that plays a critical role in adjusting pH levels, saponification, and as a cleaning agent. In cosmetic formulations, sodium hydroxide is used to neutralize acidic ingredients and to help achieve the desired consistency and stability of products.

Gluconolactone is a cyclic ester and a natural polyhydroxy acid produced by enzymatic oxidation of D-glucose. It has free radical scavenging capabilities with a significant antioxidant action. As a chelating agent, it functions to prevent unstable reactions and improve the bioavailability of chemical components within a product, removing calcium and magnesium cations that can cause cloudiness in clear liquids. 

Recensione Laminafix® hardener 10 ml

What it is used for and where

Hardening treatments for brittle nails based on Carnauba Wax and Essential Amino Acids, also indicated if antifungal treatments are needed.

Ingredients

Supplements and medicines are examined and evaluated solely from the point of view of their chemical composition, based on the relevant scientific studies. No medical opinion is expressed on curative functions. If a medicinal or prescription substance is involved, the overall judgement must be made by the treating physician.

Let us examine the most significant ingredients in order of quantity as indicated on the label. I provide a brief summary for reasons of space. For the complete text, studies, and bibliography, I highly recommend clicking on the ingredient in the description page if you want to learn more. It's perhaps a somewhat complex read because it involves scientific studies, but it clarifies the relationship between the ingredient and health.

Glycerin Water solubility, hygroscopicity, and hydrophilicity characteristics give glycerin humectant and moisturizing capabilities that are of great importance in most topical applications of cosmetic products. It attracts water to the surface of the skin and in this way maintains the hydration of the stratum corneum.

Octyldecanol  is a chemical compound, a fatty alcohol mainly used as an emollient and emulsion stabilizer in cosmetic formulations.

Caprylic/Capric Glycerides are known for their ability to provide a smooth and silky feel to the skin without leaving an oily residue. They are ideal for improving the consistency of formulations, making them lighter and easier to absorb. These ingredients are used in a wide range of products, including skin creams, lotions, lip balms, and foundation, where they act as solvents for insoluble ingredients and improve the skin barrier. They are also appreciated for their compatibility with other ingredients and their stability in formula.

Copernicia cerifera cera is Carnauba Wax which is extracted from the leaves of the Copernicia cerifera tree native to Brazil and is the hardest wax used in cosmetics where it takes on purposes of Film-forming Agent, Skin Conditioning Agent, Emollient.

Propylene glycol  is known for its ability to absorb water, making it an excellent humectant that helps maintain skin and hair hydration. It is colorless, almost odorless and soluble in both water and alcohol, making it versatile for a wide range of applications. It is used to stabilize and increase the effectiveness of water-soluble active ingredients in products such as lotions, creams, gels, and sprays. In addition, it facilitates the penetration of active ingredients into the skin, improving the functionality of the product. Propylene glycol is also used as a vehicle in medicines, foods and flavors.

Polysorbate 60  is known for its excellent ability to stabilize oil emulsions in water, improving the consistency and uniform distribution of insoluble ingredients. This emulsifier is particularly useful in formulas that contain an oily phase and an aqueous phase, such as moisturizers, lotions and hair care products. Ensures that the products remain homogeneous during use, avoiding the separation of ingredients and improving the sensation on the skin. Polysorbate 60 is also used in foods as a consistency agent and to increase shelf life.

Sorbitan stearate   is derived from the esterification of stearate with sorbitol and is known for its ability to create stable emulsions between water and oil. This emulsifier helps maintain the miscibility of ingredients that would otherwise separate, improving the texture and tactile feel of the products. It is widely used in creams, lotions, foundation and solar products, where it provides a soft and smooth feeling on the skin. In addition, Sorbitan Stearate helps to improve the skin barrier and prevent moisture loss.

Medicago sativa Medicago Sativa extract, commonly known as alfalfa extract, is rich in vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants, making it a valuable ingredient for cosmetic formulations. This extract helps improve skin vitality by stimulating cell regeneration and increasing natural collagen production, which helps keep skin supple and youthful. It is ideal for anti-aging treatments, nourishing creams and skin care products that aim to strengthen and tone. Alfalfa extract is also used for its benefits in improving skin tone and reducing the visibility of fine lines and wrinkles.

Mimosa Tenuiflora Bark Extract is rich in bioflavonoids, tannins and essential nutrients that contribute to its effectiveness in promoting skin regeneration and improving its resilience. It is traditionally used to treat burns, wounds and other skin lesions due to its ability to stimulate the production of new skin cells. This extract is highly appreciated in cosmetic formulations for skin care, such as creams, serums and balms, where it helps to reduce scars, increase skin elasticity.

Conclusions

Excellent cream with components aimed at strengthening brittle nails. The ingredients are top-notch. Disodium EDTA and TEA are the only ingredients that could create some allergy problems, but TEA is in fourth last position on the label and Disodium EDTA in last, plus this cream is spread on nails so I would rule it out.

Now let's talk about results. It may sound strange, but the results, i.e., hardening of the nails, were obtained even within the first few days of application. The manufacturer lists a schedule of applications that should last three weeks, and I will definitely stick to it, but I never thought the results would appear in such a short time. So I reiterate the rating of excellent cream.

Scan results with Tiiips App

that however warns about the small amounts of Disodium EDTA and TEA.

Acetaminophen or Paracetamol or N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)acetamide, first marketed in the United States in 1950 and in U.K. in 1956, is an active ingredient,analgesic and antipyretic, used for the treatment of influenza and colds, present in the hundreds of drugs that can be sold without a prescription.

Take only under medical supervision

Paracetamol has antipyretic properties similar to aspirin, but unlike aspirin, it has no anti-inflammatory activity. The antipyretic properties of both paracetamol and aspirin are based on the inhibition of prostglandins and other substances by arachidonic acid (1).

The maximum daily dose for adults is 4 grams per day (12). It is usually considered safe even if, in overdose, it is associated with liver injury. Avoid using alcohol, smoking, or other drugs while taking this medicine.

It's also a drug for patients who suffer from pain associated with osteoarthritis.

This study found that paracetamol is effective in reducing fever and symptoms and reflects current recommendations that only treat symptoms and not routine prophylaxis (3).

In particular, in elderly people it is important to strictly follow the advice on maximum doses that should not be exceeded (4).

In infants undergoing major surgery, morphine is used as standard postoperative analgesic therapy. To reduce the amount of morphine, paracetamol has been successfully used (5). 

In children the use of aspirin has almost disappeared and paracetamol has become the primary treatment for analgesia and antipyresis (6).

Contraindications

After ingestion, 90% of paracetamol is metabolized in the liver in combination with glucuronic acid, sulfuric acid and cystine (7).

Paracetamol overdose is the main causative factor of acute liver failure (8) (9) but some natural products have demonstrated hepatoprotective effects against paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity (10).

Taking paracetamol on an occasional basis does not pose any problems, but taking it regularly and continuously for a few days can increase the risk of cardiovascular disease (11).

Like all drugs it can cause side effects. Always ask the physician.

More about paracetamol

Typical optimal characteristics of the commercial product Paracetamol

Appearance	Powder fine white
Boiling Point	387.8±25.0 °C at 760 mmHg
Melting Point	168.0°C to 172.0°C
Density	1.2930g/mL
Flash Point	188.4±23.2 °C
PSA	49.33000
LogP	0.34
Index of Refraction	1.619
Vapour Pressure	0.0±0.9 mmHg at 25°C
Safety

• Molecular Formula: C₈H₉NO₂
• Linear Formula:  CH₃CONHC₆H₄OH 
• Molecular  Weight: 151.16 g/mol
• CAS: 103-90-2
• EC Number: 203-157-5
• UNII 362O9ITL9D
• InChI=1S/C8H9NO2/c1-6(10)9-7-2-4-8(11)5-3-7/h2-5,11H,1H3,(H,9,10) 
• InChl Key      RZVAJINKPMORJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N
• SMILES    CC(=O)NC1=CC=C(C=C1)O
• IUPAC   N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamide
• ChEBI   46195
• DSSTox Substance ID: DTXSID2020006
• MDL number MFCD00002328
• PubChem Substance  ID 329820028
• NACRES NA.24
• Beilstein/REAXYS Number 2208089

Synonyms: 

• N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamide
• Panadol
• N-Acetyl-p-aminophenol
• Algotropyl
• p-Acetamidophenol
• Hydroxyacetanilide
• p-Hydroxyacetanilide

References__________________________________________________________________

(1) Meredith TJ, Goulding R. Paracetamol. Postgrad Med J. 1980;56(657):459–473. doi:10.1136/pgmj.56.657.459

(2) Food and Drug Administration, HHS.  Organ-specific warnings; internal analgesic, antipyretic, and antirheumatic drug products for over-the-counter human use; final monograph. Final rule.  Fed Regist. 2009 Apr 29;74(81):19385-409.

(3) Rose MA, Juergens C, Schmoele-Thoma B, Gruber WC, Baker S, Zielen S. An open-label randomized clinical trial of prophylactic paracetamol coadministered with 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and hexavalent diphtheria toxoid, tetanus toxoid, 3-component acellular pertussis, hepatitis B, inactivated poliovirus, and Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine. BMC Pediatr. 2013;13:98. Published 2013 Jun 21. doi:10.1186/1471-2431-13-98

(4) What dose of paracetamol for older people?. Drug Ther Bull. 2018;56(6):69–72. doi:10.1136/dtb.2018.6.0636

(5) Krekels EH, van Ham S, Allegaert K, et al. Developmental changes rather than repeated administration drive paracetamol glucuronidation in neonates and infants. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2015;71(9):1075–1082. doi:10.1007/s00228-015-1887-y

(6) Cranswick N, Coghlan D. Paracetamol efficacy and safety in children: the first 40 years. Am J Ther. 2000;7(2):135–141. doi:10.1097/00045391-200007020-00010

(7) Jóźwiak-Bebenista M, Nowak JZ. Paracetamol: mechanism of action, applications and safety concern. Acta Pol Pharm. 2014;71(1):11–23.

(8) Bretherick AD, Craig DG, Masterton G, et al. Acute liver failure in Scotland between 1992 and 2009; incidence, aetiology and outcome. QJM. 2011;104(11):945–956. doi:10.1093/qjmed/hcr098

(9) Minsart C, Liefferinckx C, Lemmers A, et al. New insights in acetaminophen toxicity: HMGB1 contributes by itself to amplify hepatocyte necrosis in vitro through the TLR4-TRIF-RIPK3 axis. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):5557. Published 2020 Mar 27. (z) doi:10.1038/s41598-020-61270-1

(10) Chang L, Xu D, Zhu J, Ge G, Kong X, Zhou Y. Herbal Therapy for the Treatment of Acetaminophen-Associated Liver Injury: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives. Front Pharmacol. 2020;11:313. Published 2020 Mar 11. doi:10.3389/fphar.2020.00313

(11) Perrin G, Arnoux A, Berdot S, Katsahian S, Danchin N, Sabatier B. Association Between Exposure to Effervescent Paracetamol and Hospitalization for Acute Heart Failure: A Case-Crossover Study. J Clin Pharmacol. 2022 Jan 16. doi: 10.1002/jcph.2027.

D-Mannose is a monosaccharide, a simple sugar, the natural C-2 epimer of glucose. It is present in many fruits and plants. It is extracted from larch cane and occurs as a white or almost white crystalline powder, sweet and bitter taste easily soluble in water and pyridine, slightly soluble in methanol and ethanol and 1g of mannose is soluble in 0.4ml of water.

What it is used for and where

Take only under medical supervision

Medical

D-Mannose is an effective non-antibiotic protection for the prevention and treatment of urinary tract infections, e.g. cystitis, and in particular against the uropathogenic Escherichia coli and other members of the Enterobacteriaceae family that promote infection through adhesion to urothelial cells and an early inflammatory response. The efficacy of D-Mannose is comparable to that of antibiotics, it is well tolerated and can give minimal side effects, including diarrhoea (1).

D-Mannose has been reported in relatively recent research to be an immune modulator (2).

Another interesting discovery attributed D-Mannose's chondroprotective effect on osteoarthritis by attenuating the sensitivity of chondrocytes to ferroptosis and alleviating the progression of osteoarthritis itself by suppressing cartilage degeneration (3).

Like all drugs it can cause side effects. Always ask the physician.

D-Mannose studies

Typical commercial product characteristics D-Mannose

• Molecular Formula  C₆H₁₂O₆
• Molecular Weight    180.16
• Exact Mass    180.063385
• CAS  3458-28-4    530-26-7
• UNII    PHA4727WTP
• EC Number   208-474-2
• DSSTox Substance ID  DTXSID5040463
• IUPAC  (3S,4S,5S,6R)-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-2,3,4,5-tetrol
• InChI=1S/C6H12O6/c7-1-2-3(8)4(9)5(10)6(11)12-2/h2-11H,1H2/t2-,3-,4+,5+,6?/m1/s1 
• InChl Key      WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-QTVWNMPRSA-N
• SMILES   C(C1C(C(C(C(O1)O)O)O)O)O
• MDL number  MFCD00064122
• PubChem Substance ID    
• ChEBI  4208
• ICSC    
• NSC   
• RTECS   
• UN   
• NCI  

Synonyms:

• D-Mannopyranose
• D-Mannopyranoside

References_______________________________________________________________________

(1) Lenger SM, Bradley MS, Thomas DA, Bertolet MH, Lowder JL, Sutcliffe S. D-mannose vs other agents for recurrent urinary tract infection prevention in adult women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2020 Aug;223(2):265.e1-265.e13. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2020.05.048.

(2) Zhang D, Chia C, Jiao X, Jin W, Kasagi S, Wu R, Konkel JE, Nakatsukasa H, Zanvit P, Goldberg N, Chen Q, Sun L, Chen ZJ, Chen W. D-mannose induces regulatory T cells and suppresses immunopathology. Nat Med. 2017 Sep;23(9):1036-1045. doi: 10.1038/nm.4375.

(3) Zhou X, Zheng Y, Sun W, Zhang Z, Liu J, Yang W, Yuan W, Yi Y, Wang J, Liu J. D-mannose alleviates osteoarthritis progression by inhibiting chondrocyte ferroptosis in a HIF-2α-dependent manner. Cell Prolif. 2021 Nov;54(11):e13134. doi: 10.1111/cpr.13134.

Compendium of the most significant studies with reference to properties, intake, effects.

Torretta S, Scagliola A, Ricci L, Mainini F, Di Marco S, Cuccovillo I, Kajaste-Rudnitski A, Sumpton D, Ryan KM, Cardaci S. D-mannose suppresses macrophage IL-1β production. Nat Commun. 2020 Dec 11;11(1):6343. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-20164-6. 

Abstract. Here, we show that D-mannose suppresses LPS-induced macrophage activation by impairing IL-1β production. In vivo, mannose administration improves survival in a mouse model of LPS-induced endotoxemia as well as decreases progression in a mouse model of DSS-induced colitis. 

Domenici L, Monti M, Bracchi C, Giorgini M, Colagiovanni V, Muzii L, Benedetti Panici P. D-mannose: a promising support for acute urinary tract infections in women. A pilot study. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2016 Jul;20(13):2920-5. 

Abstract. The results of this study suggest that D-mannose can be an effective aid in acute cystitis management and also a successful prophylactic agent in a selected population; however, more studies will certainly be needed to confirm the results of our pilot study. 

Pugliese D, Acampora A, Porreca A, Schips L, Cindolo L. Effectiveness of a novel oral combination of D-Mannose, pomegranate extract, prebiotics and probiotics in the treatment of acute cystitis in women. Arch Ital Urol Androl. 2020 Apr 6;92(1):34-38. doi: 10.4081/aiua.2020.1.34.

Abstract. Our study suggests that the action of the compounds, administered in this new combination, could help in an effective management of symptoms of acute cystitis in women, without antibiotics, in a wide majority of the cases. Lack of microbiological assessment is a clear limitation of the study. Moreover, lack of a control group is another important limitation. Finally, hyperhydration could have been a confounding factor in interpretation of results.

Wang J, Jalali Motlagh N, Wang C, Wojtkiewicz GR, Schmidt S, Chau C, Narsimhan R, Kullenberg EG, Zhu C, Linnoila J, Yao Z, Chen JW. d-mannose suppresses oxidative response and blocks phagocytosis in experimental neuroinflammation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2021 Nov 2;118(44):e2107663118. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2107663118.

Abstract. Inflammation drives the pathology of many neurological diseases. d-mannose has been found to exert an antiinflammatory effect in peripheral diseases, but its effects on neuroinflammation and inflammatory cells in the central nervous system have not been studied. We aimed to determine the effects of d-mannose on key macrophage/microglial functions-oxidative stress and phagocytosis.

Deng YL, Liu R, Cai ZD, Han ZD, Feng YF, Cai SH, Chen QB, Zhu JG, Zhong WD. Mannose inhibits the growth of prostate cancer through a mitochondrial mechanism. Asian J Androl. 2022 Feb 4. doi: 10.4103/aja2021104.

Abstract. In this study, we demonstrated that mannose inhibits the proliferation and promotes the apoptosis of PCa cells in vitro, and mannose was observed to have an anticancer effect in mice without harming their health.

Nakagawa Y, Ito Y. Mannose-binding analysis and biological application of pradimicins. Proc Jpn Acad Ser B Phys Biol Sci. 2022;98(1):15-29. doi: 10.2183/pjab.98.002.

Abstract. This article first outlines the challenges in studying Man-binding mechanisms and structural modifications of Pradimicins (PRMs) , and then describes our approach to address them. We also present our recent attempts toward the development of PRM-based research tools.

Compendium of the most significant studies with reference to properties, intake, effects.

Huttner A, Bielicki J, Clements MN, Frimodt-Møller N, Muller AE, Paccaud JP, Mouton JW. Oral amoxicillin and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid: properties, indications and usage. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2020 Jul;26(7):871-879. doi: 10.1016/j.cmi.2019.11.028. 

Abstract.  In this narrative review, we re-examine the properties of oral amoxicillin and clavulanic acid and provide guidance on their use, with emphasis on the preferred use of amoxicillin alone.

Todd PA, Benfield P. Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid. An update of its antibacterial activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic use. Drugs. 1990 Feb;39(2):264-307. doi: 10.2165/00003495-199039020-00008.

Abstract. Clavulanic acid enhances the antibacterial spectrum of amoxicillin by rendering most beta-lactamase-producing isolates susceptible to the drug. In clinical trials amoxicillin/clavulanic acid is clinically and bacteriologically superior to amoxicillin alone and at least as effective as numerous other comparative agents, such as orally administered cephalosporins, cotrimoxazole, doxycycline and bacampicillin, in the treatment of adults and children with the most common forms of infection encountered in general practice, i.e. urinary tract infections, upper and lower respiratory tract infections, otorhinolaryngological infections, and skin and soft tissue infections.

Binson G, Grignon C, Le Moal G, Lazaro P, Lelong J, Roblot F, Venisse N, Dupuis A. Overcoming stability challenges during continuous intravenous administration of high-dose amoxicillin using portable elastomeric pumps. PLoS One. 2019 Aug 16;14(8):e0221391. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221391.

Abstract. While treatment of serious infectious diseases may require high-dose amoxicillin, continuous infusion may be limited by lack of knowledge regarding the chemical stability of the drug. Therefore, we have performed a comprehensive study so as to determine the chemical stability of high-dose amoxicillin solutions conducive to safe and effective continuous intravenous administration using portable elastomeric pumps. 

Gras-Le Guen C, Boscher C, Godon N, Caillon J, Denis C, Nguyen JM, Kergueris MF, Roze JC. Therapeutic amoxicillin levels achieved with oral administration in term neonates. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2007 Jul;63(7):657-62. doi: 10.1007/s00228-007-0307-3.

Abstract.  We investigated whether effective serum amoxicillin concentrations could be reached by switching to oral amoxicillin after 48 h of intravenous administration in full-term neonates with group B Streptococcus infection.

Thombre NA, Gide PS. Floating-bioadhesive gastroretentive Caesalpinia pulcherrima-based beads of amoxicillin trihydrate for Helicobacter pylori eradication. Drug Deliv. 2016;23(2):405-19. doi: 10.3109/10717544.2014.916766.

Abstract.  An oral dosage form containing floating bioadhesive gastroretentive microspheres forms a stomach-specific drug delivery system for the treatment of Helicobacter pylori.

Wildermuth BE, Griffin CE, Rosenkrantz WS. Response of feline eosinophilic plaques and lip ulcers to amoxicillin trihydrate-clavulanate potassium therapy: a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled prospective study. Vet Dermatol. 2012 Apr;23(2):110-8, e24-5. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2011.01020.x.

Abstract. In this study, we evaluated the treatment of feline eosinophilic plaques and lip ulcers with amoxicillin trihydrate-potassium clavulanate (Clavamox(®); Pfizer Animal Health). Nineteen cats with clinical and cytological findings consistent with eosinophilic plaques and/or lip ulcers were enrolled. 

Compendium of the most significant studies with reference to properties, intake, effects.

Kloskowski T, Szeliski K, Fekner Z, Rasmus M, Dąbrowski P, Wolska A, Siedlecka N, Adamowicz J, Drewa T, Pokrywczyńska M. Ciprofloxacin and Levofloxacin as Potential Drugs in Genitourinary Cancer Treatment-The Effect of Dose-Response on 2D and 3D Cell Cultures. Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Nov 4;22(21):11970. doi: 10.3390/ijms222111970.

Abstract. Introducing new drugs for clinical application is a very difficult, long, drawn-out, and costly process, which is why drug repositioning is increasingly gaining in importance. The aim of this study was to analyze the cytotoxic properties of ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin on bladder and prostate cell lines in vitro.

Podder V, Sadiq NM. Levofloxacin. 2021 Sep 22. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2021 Jan–.

Abstract. Levofloxacin is FDA-approved for the treatment of nosocomial pneumonia, community-acquired pneumonia, acute bacterial rhinosinusitis, acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, acute bacterial prostatitis, acute pyelonephritis, urinary tract infection, skin or skin structure infections, prophylaxis, and treatment of plaque due to Yersinia pestis, and to reduce the incidence of disease progression of inhalational anthrax. 

Deshpande D, Pasipanodya JG, Mpagama SG, Bendet P, Srivastava S, Koeuth T, Lee PS, Bhavnani SM, Ambrose PG, Thwaites G, Heysell SK, Gumbo T. Levofloxacin Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics, Dosing, Susceptibility Breakpoints, and Artificial Intelligence in the Treatment of Multidrug-resistant Tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis. 2018 Nov 28;67(suppl_3):S293-S302. doi:

Abstract. The levofloxacin dose of 25 mg/kg or 1500 mg/day was adequate for replacement of high-dose moxifloxacin in treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis.

Rafat C, Debrix I, Hertig A. Levofloxacin for the treatment of pyelonephritis. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2013 Jun;14(9):1241-53. doi: 10.1517/14656566.2013.792805.

Abstract. Levofloxacin has achieved satisfactory bacterial eradication rates and clinical success across all available trials, similar to the antibiotic comparator. 

Wrońska N, Majoral JP, Appelhans D, Bryszewska M, Lisowska K. Synergistic Effects of Anionic/Cationic Dendrimers and Levofloxacin on Antibacterial Activities. Molecules. 2019 Aug 9;24(16):2894. doi: 10.3390/molecules24162894.

Abstract. Despite the numerous studies on dendrimers for biomedical applications, the antibacterial activity of anionic phosphorus dendrimers has not been explored. In our research, we evaluated the antibacterial activity of modified polycationic and polyanionic dendrimers in combination with levofloxacin 

Grillon A, Schramm F, Kleinberg M, Jehl F. Comparative Activity of Ciprofloxacin, Levofloxacin and Moxifloxacin against Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Assessed by Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations and Time-Kill Studies. PLoS One. 2016 Jun 3;11(6):e0156690. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156690.

Abstract. The aim of this study was to compare the in vitro susceptibility of Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia to three fluoroquinolones. 

Sitovs A, Sartini I, Giorgi M. Levofloxacin in veterinary medicine: a literature review. Res Vet Sci. 2021 Jul;137:111-126. doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.04.031.

Abstract. Levofloxacin is also used in veterinary medicine, however its use is limited: it is completely banned for veterinary use in the EU, and used extralabel in only companion animals in the USA. 

 Bientinesi R, Murri R, Sacco E. Efficacy and safety of levofloxacin as a treatment for complicated urinary tract infections and pyelonephritis. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2020 Apr;21(6):637-644. doi: 10.1080/14656566.2020.1720647. 

Abstract. La levofloxacina è un antibatterico fluorochinolonico che è diventato uno dei capisaldi della terapia antibiotica delle infezioni del tratto urinario complicate e della pielonefrite sin dalla sua introduzione nel 1990 a causa del suo eccezionale profilo farmacocinetico (PK) e farmacodinamico (PD). Tuttavia, l'emergere di una diffusa resistenza ai fluorochinoloni negli ultimi dieci anni ha spinto gli investigatori a riesaminare il suo posto nel trattamento delle infezioni del tratto urinario.

Brunetti L, Lee SM, Nahass RG, Suh D, Miao B, Bucek J, Kim D, Kim OK, Suh DC. The risk of cardiac events in patients who received concomitant levofloxacin and amiodarone. Int J Infect Dis. 2019 Jan;78:50-56. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2018.10.017. 

Abstract. Levofloxacin and amiodarone are both known to prolong the QT interval. This study was conducted to estimate the risk of cardiac events in patients receiving concomitant levofloxacin and amiodarone.