"Descrizione" about Mandenol Review Consensus 10 by A_Partyns (12455 pt) | 2023-Oct-26 11:32 |
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Mandenol (Ethyl linoleate) is an unsaturated essential fatty acid, ethyl ester of linoleic acid formed by the condensation of ethanol with linoleic acid, obtained by esterification of linoleic acid with ethanol by catalysing sulphuric acid.
The name describes the structure of the molecule:
Raw Materials Used in Production:
Ethyl Linoleate is produced via the esterification of linoleic acid, a common polyunsaturated fatty acid, with ethanol.
Step-by-step Summary of Industrial Production Process.
It occurs as a white grainy powder or as an amber liquid.
What it is used for and where
It is obtained from various plants including Allium sativum, Daphne papyracea, Cryptomeria japonica, Setaria italica and others.
Medical
Ethyl linoleate can be safely used in combination with antibacterial substances to achieve statistically significant wound healing (1). It has also been studied as an effective treatment for acne with mild to moderate features and exerts a positive effect on both inflamed and non-inflamed acne lesions (2). Other studies have also found the anti-inflammatory activity of Ethyl Linoleate to be of potential therapeutic use (3).
Ethyl linoleate is used as an anti-inflammatory in creams, lotions for rough and dry skin and prevents hyperkeratinisation.
Cosmetics
Skin conditioning agent - Emollient. Emollients have the characteristic of enhancing the skin barrier through a source of exogenous lipids that adhere to the skin, improving barrier properties by filling gaps in intercorneocyte clusters to improve hydration while protecting against inflammation. In practice, they have the ability to create a barrier that prevents transepidermal water loss. Emollients are described as degreasing or refreshing additives that improve the lipid content of the upper layers of the skin by preventing degreasing and drying of the skin. The problem with emollients is that many have a strong lipophilic character and are identified as occlusive ingredients; they are oily and fatty materials that remain on the skin surface and reduce transepidermal water loss. In cosmetics, emollients and moisturisers are often considered synonymous with humectants and occlusives.
Perfuming. Unlike fragrance, which can also contain slightly less pleasant or characteristic odours, the term perfume indicates only very pleasant fragrances. Used for perfumes and aromatic raw materials.
Commercial Applications
Cosmetic Industry. Ethyl Linoleate is used in skin care products, particularly for its moisturizing and soothing properties.
Skin Treatments. Known for improving skin texture, reducing the appearance of wrinkles and signs of aging.
Acne Products. Used in acne treatments for its anti-inflammatory properties and ability to help reduce inflammation and redness.
Hair Care Products. Can be included in hair care products to nourish and condition the scalp and hair.
Typical commercial product characteristics Ethyl linoleate
Appearance | White powder |
Boiling Point | 388.3±21.0°C at 760 mmHg |
Flash Point | 96.3±20.4°C |
Density | 0.9±0.1 g/cm3 |
PSA | 26.30000 |
LogP | 8.17 |
Index of Refraction | 1.465 |
Vapor Pressure | 0.0±0.9 mmHg at 25°C |
Safety |
Synonyms:
References______________________________________________________________________
(1) Jelenko C, Wheeler ML, Anderson AP, Callaway BD, McKinley JC. Studies in burns: XIV, Heling in burn wounds treated with Ethyl Linoleate alone or in combination with selected topical antibacterial agents. Ann Surg. 1975 Nov;182(5):562-6. doi: 10.1097/00000658-197511000-00005.
(2) Charakida A, Charakida M, Chu AC. Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of a lotion containing triethyl citrate and ethyl linoleate in the treatment of acne vulgaris. Br J Dermatol. 2007 Sep;157(3):569-74. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2007.08083.x.
(3) Park SY, Seetharaman R, Ko MJ, Kim DY, Kim TH, Yoon MK, Kwak JH, Lee SJ, Bae YS, Choi YW. Ethyl linoleate from garlic attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine production by inducing heme oxygenase-1 in RAW264.7 cells. Int Immunopharmacol. 2014 Apr;19(2):253-61. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.01.017
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"Descrizione" about all-rac-alpha-Tocopherol Review Consensus 10 by A_Partyns (12455 pt) | 2023-Oct-20 21:06 |
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All-rac-alpha-Tocopherol is a synthetic form of vitamin E. It is often used in cosmetic products and skincare for its antioxidant and protective properties.
The name describes the structure of the molecule:
Raw Materials Used in Production.
All-rac-alpha-tocopherol is a synthetic form of vitamin E. The raw materials used for its synthesis include isophorone and trimethylhydroquinone.
Step-by-step Summary of Industrial Production Process.
Form and Color.
All-rac-alpha-tocopherol is generally a viscous, colorless to pale yellow liquid.
Alpha tocopherol is one of the four isomer components that constitute tocopherol: alpha-tocopherol, beta-tocopherol, delta-tocopherol and/or gamma-tocopherol.
Alpha tocopherol occurs naturally in cereals, in oils and, in particular in:
It is a fundamental antioxidant and can be created using a chemical process.
Its antioxidant action has effects on the brain (1), when, in the cardiovascular system, there are problems of diabetes caused by LDL cholesterol (2) and in liver diseases (3)
In the medical field it is an adjuvant to treat vascular diseases, as prevention for cellular diseases and for a correct functioning of the immune system.
No positive action, however, was found towards prostate cancer, as demonstrated by this study of very long duration on many samples (4).
What it is used for and where
Medical
Its antioxidant action has effects on the brain (1), when, in the cardiovascular system, there are problems of diabetes caused by LDL cholesterol (2) and in liver diseases (3)
In the medical field it is an adjuvant to treat vascular diseases, as prevention for cellular diseases and for a correct functioning of the immune system.
No positive action, however, was found towards prostate cancer, as demonstrated by this study of very long duration on many samples (4).
Food
Ingredient included in the list of European food additives as E307, antioxidant.
Cosmetics
Antioxidant agent. Ingredient that counteracts oxidative stress and prevents cell damage. Free radicals, pathological inflammatory processes, reactive nitrogen species and reactive oxygen species are responsible for the ageing process and many diseases caused by oxidation.
Fragrance. It plays a decisive and important role in the formulation of cosmetic products as it provides the possibility of enhancing, masking or adding fragrance to the final product, increasing its marketability. The consumer always expects to find a pleasant or distinctive scent in a cosmetic product.
Skin conditioning agent - Miscellaneous. This ingredient has the task of modifying the condition of the skin when it is damaged or dry by reducing its flakiness and restoring its elasticity.
Skin conditioning agent - Occlusive. This ingredient has the task of modifying the condition of the skin when it is damaged or dry by reducing flaking and restoring elasticity. It has a strong lipophilic character and is identified as an occlusive ingredient; it is generally composed of oily and fatty materials that remain on the skin surface and reduce trans epidermal water loss.
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"Descrizione" about Paraffina liquida Review Consensus 10 by A_Partyns (12455 pt) | 2023-Oct-20 15:16 |
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Paraffina liquida or Paraffinum liquidum is the name for paraffin in liquid form. a highly refined mineral oil. A complex combination of highly refined branched-chain and highly refined naphthenic saturated hydrocarbons consisting of mineral oil saturated hydrocarbons and mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons.
The name defines the structure of the molecule
Description of raw materials used in production
Step-by-step summary of industrial chemical synthesis process.
It appears as a transparent oily liquid
What it is used for and where
Cosmetics
Emollient agent. The presence of Paraffinum liquidum produces, in the biophysical properties of the skin, a reduction in the natural loss of trans epidermal water, as an occlusive agent that physically blocks the evaporation of water from the skin (1). but, while glycerine attracts water to the surface of the skin and in this way maintains the hydration of the stratum corneum, Paraffinum liquidum is adsorbed onto the skin and reduces the loss of trans epidermal water by producing an emollient film. Emollients have the characteristic of enhancing the skin barrier through a source of exogenous lipids that adhere to the skin, improving barrier properties by filling gaps in inter-epidermal clusters to improve hydration while protecting against inflammation. Emollients are described as degreasing or refreshing additives that improve the lipid content of the upper layers of the skin by preventing degreasing and drying of the skin. The problem with emollients is that many have a strong lipophilic character and are identified as occlusive ingredients; they are oily and fatty materials that remain on the skin surface and reduce transepidermal water loss. In cosmetics, emollients and moisturisers are often considered synonymous with humectants and occlusives.
Antistatic agent. Static electricity build-up has a direct influence on products and causes electrostatic adsorption. The antistatic ingredient reduces static build-up and surface resistivity on the surface of the skin and hair.
Skin protectant. It creates a protective barrier on the skin to defend it from harmful substances, irritants, allergens, pathogens that can cause various inflammatory conditions. These products can also improve the natural skin barrier and in most cases more than one is needed to achieve an effective result.
Solvent. It is the substance for dissolving or dispersing surfactants, oils, dyes, flavourings, bactericidal preservatives in solution.In fact, it dissolves other components present in a cosmetic formulation. Solvents are generally liquid (aqueous and non-aqueous).
Other uses
It is mainly used as components and packaging materials for food, oral medicines, waxed paper, crayons, candles, carbon paper, coating materials for fruit preservation, insulation in electrical components. It helps improve the ageing resistance of rubber and increase its flexibility. Other applications include the oxidation process to generate synthetic fatty acids.
Safety
In this recent study (2) Paraffinum liquidum was tested in the laboratory for its degree of toxicity and all concentrations used caused the release of lactate dehydrogenase, resulting in cytotoxicity. A 1% to 50% increase in lactate dehydrogenase levels was observed after treatment of the cells compared to the negative control groups. This increase was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The maximum cytotoxic effect of Paraffinum liquidum was observed at the 50% dilution. Since hydrocarbons with saturated ring systems and aromatic hydrocarbons are present in the production of this chemical compound, some of the compounds such as benzene hydrocarbons may be of potential health hazard, which includes carcinogenic effects in particular (3).
Commercial applications
Cosmetics. Used as an emollient and moisturizing agent in skincare and haircare products.
Baby Care Products. Found in baby lotions and oils.
Laxative. Sometimes used as an oral laxative in medicine.
Food Industry. Used as a coating or thickening agent in some food products.
Lubricant. Employed in some industrial and mechanical applications as a lubricant.
Plastic Production. A plasticizing agent in certain plastic formulations.
Pharmaceutical Applications. Used as a component in some pharmaceutical formulations.
The most relevant studies on the subject have been selected with a summary of their contents:
Molecular weight 423 g/mol
CAS 8012-95-1 8042-47-5
EC number 232-384-2 232-455-8
Synonyms :
References_____________________________________________________________________
(1) Samadi A, Khosrowpour Z, Nasrollahi SA, Ayatollahi A, Firooz A. Protective Effects of Moisturizers on Skin Barrier during Regular Hand Washing with Soap Bars. Indian J Dermatol. 2021 Mar-Apr;66(2):207-208. doi: 10.4103/ijd.IJD_687_19.
(2) Kirkik, D., Hacimustafaoglu, F., & Altunkanat, D. (2022). Cytotoxic Effects of Ceteareth-20 and Paraffinium Liquidum.
(3) Weber S, Schrag K, Mildau G, Kuballa T, Walch SG, Lachenmeier DW. Analytical Methods for the Determination of Mineral Oil Saturated Hydrocarbons (MOSH) and Mineral Oil Aromatic Hydrocarbons (MOAH)-A Short Review. Anal Chem Insights. 2018 Jun 4;13:1177390118777757. doi: 10.1177/1177390118777757.
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"Descrizione" about Tocopherols Review Consensus 10 by A_Partyns (12455 pt) | 2023-Oct-06 19:48 |
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Tocopherols or Tocopherol is a chemical compound, a fat-soluble substance belonging to the family of tocopherol compounds, also known as vitamin E, and consists of alpha-tocopherol, beta-tocopherol, delta-tocopherol and/or gamma-tocopherol. Alpha-tocopherol is considered the most active and bioavailable form of vitamin E for the human body.
It is a fundamental antioxidant and can be created using a chemical process.
Its antioxidant action has effects on the brain (1), when, in the cardiovascular system, there are problems of diabetes caused by LDL cholesterol (2) and in liver diseases (3)
In the medical field it is an adjuvant to treat vascular diseases, as prevention for cellular diseases and for a correct functioning of the immune system.
No positive action, however, was found towards prostate cancer, as demonstrated by this study of very long duration on many samples (4).
What it is used for and where
Medical
Its antioxidant action has effects on the brain (1), when, in the cardiovascular system, there are problems of diabetes caused by LDL cholesterol (2) and in liver diseases (3)
In the medical field it is an adjuvant to treat vascular diseases, as prevention for cellular diseases and for a correct functioning of the immune system.
No positive action, however, was found towards prostate cancer, as demonstrated by this study of very long duration on many samples (4).
Food
Ingredient included in the list of European food additives as E307, antioxidant.
Cosmetics
Antioxidant agent. Ingredient that counteracts oxidative stress and prevents cell damage. Free radicals, pathological inflammatory processes, reactive nitrogen species and reactive oxygen species are responsible for the ageing process and many diseases caused by oxidation.
Fragrance. It plays a decisive and important role in the formulation of cosmetic products as it provides the possibility of enhancing, masking or adding fragrance to the final product, increasing its marketability. The consumer always expects to find a pleasant or distinctive scent in a cosmetic product.
Skin conditioning agent - Miscellaneous. This ingredient has the task of modifying the condition of the skin when it is damaged or dry by reducing its flakiness and restoring its elasticity.
Skin conditioning agent - Occlusive. This ingredient has the task of modifying the condition of the skin when it is damaged or dry by reducing flaking and restoring elasticity. It has a strong lipophilic character and is identified as an occlusive ingredient; it is generally composed of oily and fatty materials that remain on the skin surface and reduce trans epidermal water loss.
Synonyms:
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"Description" about FD&C RED #40 LAKE Review Consensus 10 by A_Partyns (12455 pt) | 2023-Oct-06 18:50 |
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FD&C RED #40 or E129 or Allura Red AC is a chemical compound, a dye azo-derivative, water-soluble. (FDA clearance in 1971).
The name describes the structure of the molecule.
Description of raw materials used in production.
Step-by-step summary of industrial production process.
Form and color. FD&C Red No. 40 is a crystalline powder, water-soluble, and ranges in color from red to orange.
Commercial applications.
Food Industry. Widely used to color foods and beverages, providing a distinctive red hue.
Cosmetics and Personal Care Products. Applied in various products like lipsticks and shampoos to provide bright and appealing colors.
Pharmaceuticals. Used to color syrups, tablets, and capsules for easy differentiation and aesthetic reasons.
It has many synonyms, among which the most common is Red 40 or Allura Red AC and, in the list of dyes, CI 16035.
Safety
The US FDA (Food and Drug Administration) has approved the use of Red No. 40 and considers it generally safe when used according to guidelines. However, there are some concerns and studies suggesting it may cause allergic reactions in some people
The problem with azo dyes (monoazo or diazo) is photocatalytic degradation leading to oxidation and the subsequent formation of impurities such as aromatic amines, some of which have carcinogenic activity. (1)
Synonyms:
References________________________________________________________________________
(1) Barros, W. R., Steter, J. R., Lanza, M. R., & Motheo, A. J. (2014). Degradation of amaranth dye in alkaline medium by ultrasonic cavitation coupled with electrochemical oxidation using a boron-doped diamond anode. Electrochimica Acta, 143, 180-187.
Kobun Rovina, Shafiquzzaman Siddiquee and Sharifudin M. Shaarani Extraction, Analytical and Advanced Methods for Detection of Allura Red AC (E129) in Food and Beverages Products Front Microbiol. 2016 May 27;7:798. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00798.
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"Descrizione" about FD&C RED #40 Review Consensus 10 by A_Partyns (12455 pt) | 2023-Oct-06 18:49 |
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FD&C RED #40 or E129 or Allura Red AC is a chemical compound, a dye azo-derivative, water-soluble. (FDA clearance in 1971).
The name describes the structure of the molecule.
Description of raw materials used in production.
Step-by-step summary of industrial production process.
Form and color. FD&C Red No. 40 is a crystalline powder, water-soluble, and ranges in color from red to orange.
Commercial applications.
Food Industry. Widely used to color foods and beverages, providing a distinctive red hue.
Cosmetics and Personal Care Products. Applied in various products like lipsticks and shampoos to provide bright and appealing colors.
Pharmaceuticals. Used to color syrups, tablets, and capsules for easy differentiation and aesthetic reasons.
It has many synonyms, among which the most common is Red 40 or Allura Red AC and, in the list of dyes, CI 16035.
Safety
The US FDA (Food and Drug Administration) has approved the use of Red No. 40 and considers it generally safe when used according to guidelines. However, there are some concerns and studies suggesting it may cause allergic reactions in some people
The problem with azo dyes (monoazo or diazo) is photocatalytic degradation leading to oxidation and the subsequent formation of impurities such as aromatic amines, some of which have carcinogenic activity. (1)
Synonyms:
References________________________________________________________________________
(1) Barros, W. R., Steter, J. R., Lanza, M. R., & Motheo, A. J. (2014). Degradation of amaranth dye in alkaline medium by ultrasonic cavitation coupled with electrochemical oxidation using a boron-doped diamond anode. Electrochimica Acta, 143, 180-187.
Kobun Rovina, Shafiquzzaman Siddiquee and Sharifudin M. Shaarani Extraction, Analytical and Advanced Methods for Detection of Allura Red AC (E129) in Food and Beverages Products Front Microbiol. 2016 May 27;7:798. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00798.
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"Descrizione" about Mineral Oil\Paraffinum Liquidum\Huile Minerale by A_Partyns (12455 pt) | 2023-Aug-25 12:59 |
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Mineral Oil\Paraffinum Liquidum\Huile Minerale
is the name for paraffin in liquid form. a highly refined mineral oil. A complex combination of highly refined branched-chain and highly refined naphthenic saturated hydrocarbons consisting of mineral oil saturated hydrocarbons and mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons.
The name defines the structure of the molecule
Description of raw materials used in production
Step-by-step summary of industrial chemical synthesis process.
It appears as a transparent oily liquid
What it is used for and where
Cosmetics
Emollient agent. The presence of Paraffinum liquidum produces, in the biophysical properties of the skin, a reduction in the natural loss of trans epidermal water, as an occlusive agent that physically blocks the evaporation of water from the skin (1). but, while glycerine attracts water to the surface of the skin and in this way maintains the hydration of the stratum corneum, Paraffinum liquidum is adsorbed onto the skin and reduces the loss of trans epidermal water by producing an emollient film. Emollients have the characteristic of enhancing the skin barrier through a source of exogenous lipids that adhere to the skin, improving barrier properties by filling gaps in inter-epidermal clusters to improve hydration while protecting against inflammation. Emollients are described as degreasing or refreshing additives that improve the lipid content of the upper layers of the skin by preventing degreasing and drying of the skin. The problem with emollients is that many have a strong lipophilic character and are identified as occlusive ingredients; they are oily and fatty materials that remain on the skin surface and reduce transepidermal water loss. In cosmetics, emollients and moisturisers are often considered synonymous with humectants and occlusives.
Antistatic agent. Static electricity build-up has a direct influence on products and causes electrostatic adsorption. The antistatic ingredient reduces static build-up and surface resistivity on the surface of the skin and hair.
Skin protectant. It creates a protective barrier on the skin to defend it from harmful substances, irritants, allergens, pathogens that can cause various inflammatory conditions. These products can also improve the natural skin barrier and in most cases more than one is needed to achieve an effective result.
Solvent. It is the substance for dissolving or dispersing surfactants, oils, dyes, flavourings, bactericidal preservatives in solution.In fact, it dissolves other components present in a cosmetic formulation. Solvents are generally liquid (aqueous and non-aqueous).
Other uses
It is mainly used as components and packaging materials for food, oral medicines, waxed paper, crayons, candles, carbon paper, coating materials for fruit preservation, insulation in electrical components. It helps improve the ageing resistance of rubber and increase its flexibility. Other applications include the oxidation process to generate synthetic fatty acids.
Safety
In this recent study (2) Paraffinum liquidum was tested in the laboratory for its degree of toxicity and all concentrations used caused the release of lactate dehydrogenase, resulting in cytotoxicity. A 1% to 50% increase in lactate dehydrogenase levels was observed after treatment of the cells compared to the negative control groups. This increase was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The maximum cytotoxic effect of Paraffinum liquidum was observed at the 50% dilution. Since hydrocarbons with saturated ring systems and aromatic hydrocarbons are present in the production of this chemical compound, some of the compounds such as benzene hydrocarbons may be of potential health hazard, which includes carcinogenic effects in particular (3).
Commercial applications
Cosmetics. Used as an emollient and moisturizing agent in skincare and haircare products.
Baby Care Products. Found in baby lotions and oils.
Laxative. Sometimes used as an oral laxative in medicine.
Food Industry. Used as a coating or thickening agent in some food products.
Lubricant. Employed in some industrial and mechanical applications as a lubricant.
Plastic Production. A plasticizing agent in certain plastic formulations.
Pharmaceutical Applications. Used as a component in some pharmaceutical formulations.
The most relevant studies on the subject have been selected with a summary of their contents:
Molecular weight 423 g/mol
CAS 8012-95-1 8042-47-5
EC number 232-384-2 232-455-8
Synonyms :
References_____________________________________________________________________
(1) Samadi A, Khosrowpour Z, Nasrollahi SA, Ayatollahi A, Firooz A. Protective Effects of Moisturizers on Skin Barrier during Regular Hand Washing with Soap Bars. Indian J Dermatol. 2021 Mar-Apr;66(2):207-208. doi: 10.4103/ijd.IJD_687_19.
(2) Kirkik, D., Hacimustafaoglu, F., & Altunkanat, D. (2022). Cytotoxic Effects of Ceteareth-20 and Paraffinium Liquidum.
(3) Weber S, Schrag K, Mildau G, Kuballa T, Walch SG, Lachenmeier DW. Analytical Methods for the Determination of Mineral Oil Saturated Hydrocarbons (MOSH) and Mineral Oil Aromatic Hydrocarbons (MOAH)-A Short Review. Anal Chem Insights. 2018 Jun 4;13:1177390118777757. doi: 10.1177/1177390118777757.
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