"Descrizione" about Sodium Propyl Parahydroxybenzoate Review Consensus 10 by FRanier (9963 pt) | 2023-Oct-25 12:04 |
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Sodium Propyl Parahydroxybenzoate is a chemical compound, sodium salt of propylpara-hydroxybenzoic acid that belongs to the Paraben family.
The name describes the structure of the molecule:
Raw Materials Used in Production.
Propyl parahydroxybenzoic acid is derived from benzoic acid, which can be sourced from benzoin or chemically synthesized.
Step-by-step Summary of Industrial Production Process.
Form and Color.
It appears as a white or almost white crystalline powder.
What it is for and where
Cosmetics
It is a restricted ingredient as V/12 a Relevant Item in the Annexes of the European Cosmetics Regulation 1223/2009. Substance or ingredient reported: Butyl 4-hydroxybenzoate and its salts Propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate and its salts
Preservative. Any product containing organic, inorganic compounds, water, needs to be preserved from microbial contamination. Preservatives act against the development of harmful microorganisms and against oxidation of the product.
Commercial Applications
Cosmetics Industry. Sodium Propylparaben is a preservative widely used in cosmetics and skincare products. It helps prevent the growth of microorganisms, thus extending product shelf life.
Food Industry. It's also utilized as a preservative in certain food products to prevent the growth of bacteria, molds, and yeasts.
Medicine. It may be used in some pharmaceutical formulations as a preservative.
Safety
11-6-2019 I had written to the European Commission's Directorate for Health and Food Safety (DG SANTE) reiterating doubts about the safety of parabens and E11 titanium dioxide. Finally, also from this body came the answer that clarifies all doubts:
"Regarding the use of methyl- and propylparaben as excipients in oral medicinal products for human use, I would advise you to look at the information provided by the European Medicines Agency at https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/use-methyl-propylparaben-excipients-human-medicinal-products-oral-use This discussion paper deals with methyl- and propylparaben, as these are the parabens predominantly used in oral pharmaceutical formulations. The focus of this paper is on possible endocrine disrupting effects in humans.
Parabens are components discussed and on whose safety many doubts have been raised, especially for the damage they would produce to the aquatic environment where they are discharged after use (1).
Parabens can contribute to obesity (2).
Parabens are preservative chemical compounds that have been the subject of attention in the scientific literature as possible endocrine disruptors (particularly propylparaben and butylparaben), i.e. with the possibility of damaging the hormone-producing glands in our bodies, particularly in the breasts. The 2004 study by Darbre et al. showed that parabens remain in our bodies as intact esters (2). Following this study, some of the scientific literature in 2005 and 2006 cast doubt on Darbre's conclusions and claimed they were limited. However, both the US FDA and the European SCCP authorised in 2006 the use of a single paraben in cosmetic products at a concentration of 0.4% and the use of total parabens at a concentration of 0.8%. However, there is no shortage of studies that consider the restrictions unnecessary: M. G. Kirchhof et al. in 2013 found that parabens are among the safest and most well-tolerated preservatives and that current data do not support drastic regulations or personal exposure restrictions. Darbre in 2014 published a further study in which he showed how parabens can cause DNA damage (3).
Synonyms :
sodium propyl p-hydroxybenzoate
Benzoic acid, 4-hydroxy-, propyl ester, sodium salt
Sodium 4-propoxycarbonylphenoxide
Sodium propylparaben
Propylparaben sodium
EINECS 252-488-1
sodium;4-propoxycarbonylphenolate
Sodium Propyl Parahydroxybenzoate
sodium;4-propoxycarbonylphenolate
Sodium propyl hydroxybenzoate
Sodium Propyl Parahydroxybenzoate
References___________________________________________________________________
(1) Terasaki M, Abe R, Makino M, Tatarazako N. Chronic toxicity of parabens and their chlorinated by-products in Ceriodaphnia dubia. Environ Toxicol. 2015 May-Jun;30(6):664-73. doi: 10.1002/tox.21944. Epub 2013 Dec 27. PMID: 24376163.
Popa DS, Bolfa P, Kiss B, Vlase L, Păltinean R, Pop A, Cătoi C, Crişan G, Loghin F. Influence of Genista tinctoria L. or methylparaben on subchronic toxicity of bisphenol A in rats. Biomed Environ Sci. 2014 Feb;27(2):85-96. doi: 10.3967/bes2014.021.
(2) Hu P, Chen X, Whitener RJ, Boder ET, Jones JO, Porollo A, Chen J, Zhao L. Effects of parabens on adipocyte differentiation. Toxicol Sci. 2013 Jan;131(1):56-70. doi: 10.1093/toxsci/kfs262.
Abstract. Parabens are a group of alkyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid that include methylparaben, ethylparaben, propylparaben, butylparaben, and benzylparaben. Paraben esters and their salts are widely used as preservatives in cosmetics, toiletries, food, and pharmaceuticals. Humans are exposed to parabens through the use of such products from dermal contact, ingestion, and inhalation. However, research on the effects of parabens on health is limited, and the effects of parabens on adipogenesis have not been systematically studied. Here, we report that (1) parabens promote adipogenesis (or adipocyte differentiation) in murine 3T3-L1 cells, as revealed by adipocyte morphology, lipid accumulation, and mRNA expression of adipocyte-specific markers; (2) the adipogenic potency of parabens is increased with increasing length of the linear alkyl chain in the following potency ranking order: methyl- < ethyl- < propyl- < butylparaben. The extension of the linear alkyl chain with an aromatic ring in benzylparaben further augments the adipogenic ability, whereas 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, the common metabolite of all parabens, and the structurally related benzoic acid (without the OH group) are inactive in promoting 3T3-L1 adipocyte differentiation; (3) parabens activate glucocorticoid receptor and/or peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes; however, no direct binding to, or modulation of, the ligand binding domain of the glucocorticoid receptor by parabens was detected by glucocorticoid receptor competitor assays; and lastly, (4) parabens, butyl- and benzylparaben in particular, also promote adipose conversion of human adipose-derived multipotent stromal cells. Our results suggest that parabens may contribute to obesity epidemic, and the role of parabens in adipogenesis in vivo needs to be examined further.
(3) Darbre PD, Harvey PW. Parabens can enable hallmarks and characteristics of cancer in human breast epithelial cells: a review of the literature with reference to new exposure data and regulatory status. J Appl Toxicol. 2014 Sep;34(9):925-38. doi: 10.1002/jat.3027.
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"Descrizione" about Fat palm vegetable Review Consensus 10 by FRanier (9963 pt) | 2023-Oct-09 11:05 |
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Fat palm vegetable is obtained, in the same way as palm oil, from the pulp of the palm with a process of breaking the plant and squeezing the marrow.
There are two oil extraction systems:
The resulting product is impure, as there are many plant residues, cellular debris and fibrous material. At this point the hot water is inserted to form a barrier in which the solids fall towards the bottom of the container, releasing the oil that will pass into sieves.
Due to its low cost, this fat is a widespread nutritional source in developing countries.
Raw materials used in production.
Palm fat is derived from the pulp of the fruit of the palm, specifically from the species Elaeis guineensis. The oil palm plant is primarily cultivated in equatorial regions like Indonesia and Malaysia.
Step-by-step summary of industrial production process.
Form and color.
Palm fat is semi-solid at room temperature and varies in color from yellow to red, depending on the degree of refinement and the presence of carotenoids.
Commercial applications.
Widely used in the food industry, cosmetics, and in the production of biodiesel due to its thermal stability and preservative properties.
Food Industry. Palm fat is used as a structuring and stabilizing agent in various food products like biscuits, chocolate, and snacks, owing to its excellent melting and solidifying properties.
Cosmetic Industry. Palm fat can be utilized in creams, lotions, and other skin-care products for its emollient and moistening properties.
Biofuel Production. In some instances, palm fat may be used in the production of biofuels, providing a sustainable energy alternative.
Soap Industry. Palm fat is often utilized in soap production for its ability to provide good structure and lather.
Inside the palm fat we find a high content of saturated fat and palmitic acid.
However, from recent studies, a connection seems established between this fat and some cardiovascular disorders. (1) especially when heated (2)
Another problem related to palm fat is the increasing deforestation put in place to plant huge amounts of palm trees.
Palm fat is used in animal feed.
There is also a "red" palm oil on the market with slightly better physical and taste characteristics.
References___________________________________________________________________
(1) Chen BK, Seligman B, Farquhar JW, Goldhaber-Fiebert JD. Multi-Country analysis of palm oil consumption and cardiovascular disease mortality for countries at different stages of economic development: 1980-1997. Global Health. 2011 Dec 16;7(1):45. doi: 10.1186/1744-8603-7-45.
(2) Xian TK, Omar NA, Ying LW, Hamzah A, Raj S, Jaarin K, Othman F, Hussan F. Reheated palm oil consumption and risk of atherosclerosis: evidence at ultrastructural level. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2012;2012:828170. doi: 10.1155/2012/828170. Epub 2012 Dec 19.
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"Descrizione" about Vitamin D3 Review Consensus 10 by FRanier (9963 pt) | 2023-Oct-07 19:17 |
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Vitamin D is a fat-soluble secosteroid, that is, a steroid molecule with an open ring. It can be produced by the human body endogenously: for example, by exposure of the skin to sunlight.
Vitamin D refers to five compounds (vitamins: D1, D2, D3, D4 and D5), of which the most important are:
Vitamin D2 derives from irradiation of the plant sterol, ergosterol, and is provided by the diet. Vitamin D3 originates from a cutaneous compound by endogenous synthesis. Vitamin D was initially described at the time of the industrial revolution, when England faced rickets; since then, the relation between vitamin D and calcium-phosphorus metabolism has never been discussed. However, over the last four decades, other activities of vitamin D have been highlighted. Actually, vitamin D is considered as a neurohormone that regulates cell growth and proliferation and immunomodulation (1).
Description of raw materials used in production.
Step-by-step summary of industrial production process.
Commercial applications.
Vitamin D3 is used in dietary supplements, fortified foods, and medications to help maintain bone health and support the immune system.
Dietary Supplementation. Vitamin D3 is widely used in dietary supplements to support bone health, promoting calcium absorption and bone mineralization.
Food Industry. It's also used as a food additive to fortify various products, like milk, juices, and cereals, to enhance vitamin D content.
Pharmaceuticals. In the pharmaceutical industry, Vitamin D3 is utilized in various formulations for treating deficiencies and supporting skeletal health.
Cosmetics. In some skincare products, Vitamin D3 is utilized for its antioxidant properties and support of skin health.
Medical Research. Vitamin D3 is the subject of numerous studies exploring its effects on various bodily functions and health conditions beyond bone health, such as the immune system and preventing certain chronic diseases.
Vitamin D3 that we find in pharmacies comes in transparent liquid form, gel. tablets, chewing gum. Industrially it is a fine white powder. Vitamin D3 can present in various commercial forms, including capsules, tablets, drops, and powders. Generally, in its pure forms, it may appear as a crystalline powder that is white or slightly yellow in color.
Vitamin D3 , Dry Eye Disease and Ocular inflammation
To investigate the efficacy of topical carbomer-based lipid-containing artificial tears (CLAT) and hyaluronate (HU) in patients with dry eye disease (DED) based on serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25HD) levels and cholecalciferol (vitamin D) supplementation. The effect of topical CLAT and HU was dependent on serum 25HD levels. Cholecalciferol supplementation enhanced the efficacy of topical treatment and may be a useful adjuvant therapy for patients with DED refractory to topical lubricants (2).
Poor corneal permeability, nasolacrimal drainage and requirement of chronic administration are major drawbacks of existing therapies for ocular inflammation. Hence, we designed topical micelles of PEG2000 conjugated with cholecalciferol (PEGCCF). Integrin targeted tacrolimus loaded PEGCCF micelles (TTM) is an innovative delivery system for improving ocular inflammation due to a) integrin targeting b) PEGCCF in the form of carrier and c) anti-inflammatory and synergistic effect (due to Pgp inhibition) with TAC (3).
Vitamin D3 and weight loss
Obesity, a chronic condition associated with several life-threatening diseases, affects a significant proportion of the global population and has long been associated with vitamin D deficiency. Based on results, a combined Ca and vitamin D3 supplement appears to enhance weight loss and improve some of the blood metabolic profiles in obese women subjected to a weight loss diet, thus supporting our study hypothesis (4).
Vitamin D3 as prophylaxis in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia
To explore the role of cholecalciferol for the prophylaxis against recurrent urinary tract infection (UTI) in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Adjuvant cholecalciferol supplementation may be protective against recurrent UTI among patients with BPH receiving tamsulosin therapy without extra adverse effects (5).
Vitamin D3 and pregnancy
In summary, the observational and randomized clinical trials present a clear message: that 4,000 IU/d vitamin D3 supplementation is beneficial to both mother and her developing fetus through optimization of vitamin D metabolism that goes beyond classical calcium and bone homeostasis. While further work is needed to determine what the optimal dose of vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy is based on various genotype differences for the vitamin D binding protein and the vitamin D receptor, body mass index, status at the time of conception, and other factors such as sunlight exposure and latitude, based on our work and that of others, we believe that all individuals, including pregnant women, should achieve a target circulating 25(OH)D concentration of 100 nmol/L (40 ng/mL) as early as possible. Because of individual differences in what is required to attain this target concentration of 25(OH)D, we believe all women should consume at least 4,000 IU/d vitamin D3 prior to conception and throughout pregnancy (6).
Vitamin D3 and Type1 Diabetes
Recent prospective studies have found the associations between type 1 diabetes (T1D) and vitamin D deficiency. We investigated the role of vitamin D in the regulation of 25OHD-1α-hydroxylase (CYP27B1) and VDR expression in different tissues of T1D rats. T1D-induced vitamin D deficiency is associated with impairments of renal and extrarenal CYP27B1 and VDR expression. Cholecalciferol can be effective in the amelioration of diabetes-associated abnormalities in the vitamin D-endo/para/autocrine system (7).
The aim of this study was to examine the effects of vitamin D supplementation in patients newly diagnosed with type 1 diabetes (T1D) assessed by insulin needs and changes in glycemic indices, as evidenced by randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Vitamin D supplementation in the form of alphacalcidole and cholecalciferol appears to be beneficial in the treatment of T1D patients by attenuating the natural history of the disease (8).
Typical optimal characteristics of a Vitamin D3 commercial product
Appearance | White powder with white or almost white crystals |
Assay | 97.0-103.0% |
Melting point | 82 ℃-87 ℃ |
Pre-cholecalciferol | ≤20ppm |
Tran-cholecaleiferol | ≤0.1% |
Total aerobic count | ≤1000cfu/g |
Shelf life | 36 months |
Loss on drying | <5% |
Ash | <5% |
Heavy metals | <10ppm |
Cd | <1ppm |
Hg | <1ppm |
As | <1ppm |
Pb | <1ppm |
Total plate count | <1000cfu/g |
Yeast and mold | <100cfu/g |
References________________________________________________
(1) Bivona G, Agnello L, Ciaccio M. The immunological implication of the new vitamin D metabolism. Cent Eur J Immunol. 2018;43(3):331-334. doi: 10.5114/ceji.2018.80053.
(2) Hwang JS, Lee YP, Shin YJ. Vitamin D Enhances the Efficacy of Topical Artificial Tears in Patients With Dry Eye Disease. Cornea. 2019 Mar;38(3):304-310. doi: 10.1097/ICO.0000000000001822.
(3) Kutlehria S, Vhora I, Bagde A, Chowdhury N, Behl G, Patel K, Singh M. Tacrolimus Loaded PEG-Cholecalciferol Based Micelles for Treatment of Ocular Inflammation. Pharm Res. 2018 Apr 16;35(6):117. doi: 10.1007/s11095-018-2376-7.
(4) Subih HS, Zueter Z, Obeidat BM, Al-Qudah MA, Janakat S, Hammoh F, Sharkas G, Bawadi HA. A high weekly dose of cholecalciferol and calcium supplement enhances weight loss and improves health biomarkers in obese women. Nutr Res. 2018 Nov;59:53-64. doi: 10.1016/j.nutres.2018.07.011.
(5) Safwat AS, Hasanain A, Shahat A, AbdelRazek M, Orabi H, Abdul Hamid SK, Nafee A, Bakkar S, Sayed M. Cholecalciferol for the prophylaxis against recurrent urinary tract infection among patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia: a randomized, comparative study. World J Urol. 2019 Jul;37(7):1347-1352. doi: 10.1007/s00345-018-2536-8.
(6) Wagner CL, Hollis BW. The Implications of Vitamin D Status During Pregnancy on Mother and her Developing Child. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2018 Aug 31;9:500. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00500.
(7) Mazanova A, Shymanskyi I, Lisakovska O, Hajiyeva L, Komisarenko Y, Veliky M. Effects of Cholecalciferol on Key Components of Vitamin D-Endo/Para/Autocrine System in Experimental Type 1 Diabetes. Int J Endocrinol. 2018 Feb 6;2018:2494016. doi: 10.1155/2018/2494016.
(8) Gregoriou E, Mamais I, Tzanetakou I, Lavranos G, Chrysostomou S. The Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation in Newly Diagnosed Type 1 Diabetes Patients: Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. Rev Diabet Stud. 2017 Summer-Fall;14(2-3):260-268. doi: 10.1900/RDS.2017.14.260.
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"Descrizione" about Natural vanilla extracts Review Consensus 8 by FRanier (9963 pt) | 2023-Oct-06 21:33 |
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Natural vanilla extract is derived from the berries of the Vanilla plant genus, notably Vanilla planifolia.
Description of raw materials used in production.
Step-by-step summary of industrial production process.
Form and color. Natural vanilla extract is a dark brown liquid, often with a sweet and rich scent.
Commercial applications.
Used in a wide range of products, including baked goods, fragrances, beverages, and desserts, to impart a vanilla flavor and aroma.
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"Descrizione" about Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate Review Consensus 10 by FRanier (9963 pt) | 2023-Oct-06 09:42 |
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Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate or Disodium diphosphate is a chemical compound, anhydrous solid,a linear polymer made up of phosphate units connected to each other by sharing oxygen atoms.
The name describes the structure of the molecule:
The synthesis process takes place in different steps:
It occurs as a fine or granular, white powder.
It is also called sodium pyrophosphate or sodium acid pyrophosphate, SAPP, etc.and it is composed of sodium, potassium, calcium and phosphates.
What it is used for and where
Food
Ingredient on the European food additives list as E450, emulsifier, raising agent.
The E450 are subdivided into:
Used as a leavening agent, sequestering agent, buffering agent, it can be used in tinned food, meat, ham, baking powder and so on.
Cosmetics
Safety
Two studies were conducted in healthy volunteers to confirm the involvement of an excipient, SAPP (sodium acid pyrophosphate), and the mechanism of interaction, altered gastrointestinal transit. Gastrointestinal transit times, determined by scintigraphic imaging, were compared between treatments. Gastric emptying time was unchanged, but small intestinal transit time was decreased to 56% in the presence of SAPP (1).
It is considered a safe component for human health "when they are used at levels that are now underway or it is reasonable to expect in the future" writes the FDA (US Food & Drug Administration) (2) and these levels provide a maximum daily intake of 70 mg / kg of body weight (3).
The effects of two pH levels (5.55 or 5.85) in combination with 0.4% sodium acid pyrophosphate (SAPP), NaH2PO4 X H2O, Na2HPO4 X 7H2O, or NaCl on the growth and toxicity of Clostridium botulinum 52A were studied. Results suggest that the actual production or function of the protease responsible for toxin activation may have been inhibited by the presence of SAPP (4).
Phosphate incorporation into ground beef prior to cooking aids in the reduction of oxidation in the cooked, stored product, although a longer period of time before thermal processing may be necessary for the encapsulated phosphate to have significant benefits (5).
Sodium polyphosphate is a linear polymer formed from phosphate units linked together by sharing oxygen atoms. Addition of calcium to a solution of sodium polyphosphate results in phase separation and formation of a polyphosphate coacervate best described as a polymeric rich viscoelastic material. Polyphosphate coacervate is an interesting candidate as a biomaterial based on its ability to bind with different cations and to be loaded with drugs. Here, in vitro degradation and hemostatic properties of polyphosphate coacervates are comprehensively evaluated. We show that polyphosphate coacervates degrade and dissolve at a fast rate, losing half of their original mass in a week and transforming to mainly pyrophosphate after 4weeks. This burst dissolution phase happens earlier for the coacervate prepared from very short chain polyphosphate but overall using longer polyphosphate chains does not increase the coacervate longevity significantly. Substitution of Ca with Sr or Ba does not affect the hydrolysis of coacervates but slows down their dissolution into the media. In a whole blood clotting assay, coacervates profoundly decrease the clotting time especially when very long chain polyphosphates are used. While coacervate chain length and divalent cation type were found to significantly affect prothrombin time and thromboplastin time compared to the control, no discernible trends were observed. Platelets adhere in large numbers to coacervates, especially those containing long chain polyphosphate, but the cell morphology observed suggests that they might not to be fully activated. Overall, the long chain polyphosphate coacervate holds a great potential as a resorbable hemostatic agent. Divalent cation additions to a sodium polyphosphate solution result in polyphosphate coacervates, or highly viscous gel-like materials, having great potential in bio-applications such as drug delivery and hemostasis. As these coacervates degrade in aqueous environments, we undertook a comprehensive evaluation to better understand the impact of polyphosphate chain length and divalent cation substitution on this hydrolytic response in order to better predict degradation behavior in the body. Furthermore, there is great interest in the role of polyphosphates in hemostasis following recent publications showing that platelets secrete polyphosphates upon thrombin stimulation. In this paper, we evaluate the hemostatic potential of polyphosphate coacervates as bulk constructs, demonstrating that indeed these materials hold great potential as a degradable hemostatic agent (6).
It is an antibacterial agent that has been shown to significantly reduce Escherichia coli, coliforms, and aerobic plate count (APC) on postchill broilers and increased shelflife by 1-2 days when stored at 4.4°C (7).
Typical optimal characteristics of a Disodium diphosphate commercial product
Appearance | White powder |
Contenuto Na2H2P2O7 ≥% | 94.72 |
Anidride fosforica P2O5 ≥% | 61.0 |
pH di soluzione acquosa all'1% | 3.87 |
Acqua insolubile % | 0.08 |
Metalli pesanti ≤% | 0.0008 |
As ≤% | 0.0001 |
F ≤% | 0.0007 |
Pb ≤% | 0.0002 |
80mesh ≥% | 96 |
Synonyms:
Sodium pyrophosphate dibasic
Disodium dihydrogenpyrophosphate
References__________________________________________________________________
(1) Koch KM, Parr AF, Tomlinson JJ, Sandefer EP, Digenis GA, Donn KH, Powell JR Effect of sodium acid pyrophosphate on ranitidine bioavailability and gastrointestinal transit time. - Pharm Res. 1993 Jul
(2) http://www.fda.gov GRAS Substance : 182.1087
(3) Wageningen University, Food-info, E450
(4) Wagner MK, Busta FF. Inhibition of Clostridium botulinum 52A toxicity and protease activity by sodium acid pyrophosphate in media systems. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1985 Jul;50(1):16-20.
(5) Sickler ML, Claus JR, Marriott NG, Eigel WN, Wang H. Antioxidative effects of encapsulated sodium tripolyphosphate and encapsulated sodium acid pyrophosphate in ground beef patties cooked immediately after antioxidant incorporation and stored. Sickler ML, Claus JR, Marriott NG, Eigel WN, Wang H. Meat Sci. 2013 Jul;94(3):285-8. doi: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2013.03.011. Epub 2013 Mar 16.
(6) Momeni A, Filiaggi MJ Degradation and hemostatic properties of polyphosphate coacervates. Acta Biomater. 2016 Sep 1;41:328-41. doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.06.002. Epub 2016 Jun 2
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"Descrizione" about Mel Review Consensus 8 by FRanier (9963 pt) | 2023-Sep-16 14:47 |
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Mel is a cosmetic INCI designation for honey. As an INCI ingredient it has the following functions:
Skin conditioning agent - Emollient. Emollients have the characteristic of enhancing the skin barrier through a source of exogenous lipids that adhere to the skin, improving barrier properties by filling gaps in intercorneocyte clusters to improve hydration while protecting against inflammation. In practice, they have the ability to create a barrier that prevents transepidermal water loss. Emollients are described as degreasing or refreshing additives that improve the lipid content of the upper layers of the skin by preventing degreasing and drying of the skin. The problem with emollients is that many have a strong lipophilic character and are identified as occlusive ingredients; they are oily and fatty materials that remain on the skin surface and reduce transepidermal water loss. In cosmetics, emollients and moisturisers are often considered synonymous with humectants and occlusives.
Humectant. Hygroscopic compound used to minimise water loss in the skin and to prevent it from drying out by facilitating faster and greater absorption of water into the stratum corneum of the epidermis. The epidermis is the most superficial of the three layers that make up human skin (epidermis, dermis and hypodermis) and is the layer that maintains hydration in all three layers. In turn, the epidermis is composed of five layers: horny, the most superficial, granular, spinous, shiny, and basal. Humectants have the ability to retain the water they attract from the air in the stratum corneum and have the function of moisturising the skin. They are best used before emollients, which are oil-based.
Moisturizing. This ingredient is responsible for preventing the evaporation of moisture from the skin and improving cellular activity. When exposed to cold or hot air currents, the skin absorbs water from its inner layer to compensate for the evaporated water. If the draught phenomenon persists, the stratum corneum is dry and, if at all, damaged.
CAS 8028-66-8
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"Descrizione" about Poliacrilato di sodio Review Consensus 10 by FRanier (9963 pt) | 2023-Jul-27 16:05 |
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Sodium polyacrylate (Sodium acrylate) is a water-soluble, high molecular weight compound with high rigidity and viscosity in its aqueous solution.
It is the sodium salt of acrylic acid. It's often used as a monomer in the production of superabsorbent polymers, like sodium polyacrylate, which are employed in applications such as diapers and sanitary napkins.
The name describes the structure of the molecule -
Description of raw materials used in production -
Synthesis process -
What it is for and where
Cosmetics
Absorbent. Absorbs substances dispersed or dissolved in aqueous solutions, water/oil, oil/water.
Binder agent. Ingredient that is used in cosmetic, food and pharmaceutical products as an anti-caking agent with the function of making the product in which it is incorporated silky, compact and homogenous. The binder, either natural such as mucilage, gums and starches or chemical, may be in the form of a powder or liquid.
Skin conditioning agent - Emollient. Emollients have the characteristic of enhancing the skin barrier through a source of exogenous lipids that adhere to the skin, improving barrier properties by filling gaps in intercorneocyte clusters to improve hydration while protecting against inflammation. In practice, they have the ability to create a barrier that prevents transepidermal water loss. Emollients are described as degreasing or refreshing additives that improve the lipid content of the upper layers of the skin by preventing degreasing and drying of the skin. The problem with emollients is that many have a strong lipophilic character and are identified as occlusive ingredients; they are oily and fatty materials that remain on the skin surface and reduce transepidermal water loss. In cosmetics, emollients and moisturisers are often considered synonymous with humectants and occlusives.
Emulsion stabiliser. Emulsions are thermodynamically unstable. Emulsion stabilisers improve the formation and stability of single and double emulsions. as well as their shelf-life. It should be noted that in the structure-function relationship, the molar mass of the ingredient used plays an important role.
Film-forming agent. It produces, upon application, a very thin continuous film with an optimal balance of cohesion, adhesion and stickiness on skin, hair or nails to counteract or limit damage from external phenomena such as chemicals, UV rays and pollution.
Hair fixative. This ingredient has the ability to create, with its protective film, stiffness and hold in the hair, and also has the ability to form, with its hydrophilic and elastic properties, bonds between the hair fibres, to keep the hair in a particular shape for a certain time. In short, it allows physical control of the hairstyle.
Skin conditioning agent. It is the mainstay of topical skin treatment as it has the function of restoring, increasing or improving skin tolerance to external factors, including melanocyte tolerance. The most important function of the conditioning agent is to prevent skin dehydration, but the subject is rather complex and involves emollients and humectants that can be added in the formulation.
Viscosity control agent. It controls and adapts, Increasing or decreasing, viscosity to the required level for optimal chemical and physical stability of the product and dosage in gels, suspensions, emulsions, solutions.
Applications
Superabsorbent Materials - Used in baby diapers, incontinence products, and feminine hygiene products due to its ability to absorb large amounts of liquid.
Water Treatment - Acts as a flocculating agent, helping to remove impurities from water.
Agriculture - Used to enhance water retention in soils, particularly in arid areas or under drought conditions.
Controlled Release - Can be utilized in controlled release systems for drugs or other substances.
Medicine
Studies
Industry
Self-healing solid-state aqueous rechargeable NiCo||Zn batteries are inherently safe and have a high energy density and mechanical robustness. However, the self-healability of solid-state batteries has only been realized by a few studies in which electron/ion-inactive self-healable substrates are utilized. This arises from the lack of self-healable electrolytes. Now an intrinsically self-healing battery has been designed that utilizes a new electrolyte that is intrinsically self-healable. Sodium polyacrylate hydrogel chains are crosslinked by ferric ions to promote dynamic reconstruction of an integral network. These non-covalent crosslinkers can form ionic bonds to reconnect damaged surfaces when the hydrogel is cut off, providing an ultimate solution to the intrinsic self-healability problem of batteries. As a result, this NiCo||Zn battery with this hydrogel electrolyte can be autonomically self-healed with over 87 % of capacity retained after 4 cycles of breaking/healing. (3).
Other uses
In detergents, which has the function of thickener, it has the characteristic of binding to magnesium and calcium, favoring the action of surfactants.
Typical optimal commercial product characteristics Sodium acrilate liquid
Appearance | Colourless, viscous liquid. |
Boiling Point | 141ºC at 760 mmHg |
Melting Point | >300 °C |
Flash Point | Flash Point |
PSA | 40.13000 |
pH | 6.0-8.0 |
Purity | 18±0.5 |
Density (20℃)g/cm3 | 1.150 |
Free monomer (CH2=CH-COOH) | % ≤0.5 |
Safety |
Synonyms :
References___________________________________________________________________
(1) Nakamura K, Ozawa Y, Furuta Y, Miyazaki H. Effects of sodium polyacrylate (PANa) on acute esophagitis by gastric juice in rats. Jpn J Pharmacol. 1982 Jun;32(3):445-56.
(2) Falk K, Lindman B, Bengmark S, Larsson K, Holmdahl L. Sodium polyacrylate potentiates the anti-adhesion effect of a cellulose-derived polymer. Biomaterials. 2001 Aug;22(16):2185-90.
(3) Huang Y, Liu J, Wang J, Hu M, Mo F, Liang G, Zhi C. An Intrinsically Self-Healing NiCo||Zn Rechargeable Battery with a Self-Healable Ferric-Ion-Crosslinking Sodium Polyacrylate Hydrogel Electrolyte. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2018 Jul 26;57(31):9810-9813. doi: 10.1002/anie.201805618. Epub 2018 Jul 5
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