Peaches (Prunus persica) are one of the most widespread fruits in the world with a harvest of 25 million tons in 2022.

It has a short reproductive cycle, has about 200 cultivars and belongs to the Rosaceae family.

The best known cultivars:

• Common peach (Prunus persica) yellow
• Common peach (Prunus persica) white
• Nectarine yellow (Prunus persica var. nucipersica)
• Nectarine white (Prunus persica var. nucipersica)

In the composition of the peach there are phenolic compounds, anthocyanins, phytoestrogens and flavonoids.

Phenolic compounds include: chlorogenic acid, neochlorogenic acid, catechin.

The interesting part, from a health point of view, is the kernel.

Colon cancer is one of the most common diseases in the world and is directly dependent on an incorrect diet that includes a high content of saturated fat, low intake of dietary fiber, alcohol. The kernel of the peach, like that of the apricot, is composed of glycosides such as amygdalin, oleic acid and linoleic acid as well as a good content of flavonoids. This study by two researchers of the University of Cape Town demonstrated the potential anti-tumor activity of bean kernel extract on cancer cells of the colon (1).

An alcoholic extract of peach kernel showed anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive and antipyretic activity (2).

Amygdalin, a cyanogenic glycoside contained in the kernel of apricot, but also in that of almond and peach, has been accredited by scientific literature as having suppressive effects on the development of colon cancer. The daily intake of kernels, based on a "controlled" form of intake, can be considered a chemopreventive agent (3).

Warning: the word "controlled" is underlined because amygdalin contains cyanide, a powerful and lethal poison. This study presents the case of a 3-year-old child with severe intoxication due to ingestion of 3 mango kernels (4). Do-it-yourself treatment is therefore not recommended.

Peach studies

References___________________________________________

(1) Cassiem W, de Kock M. The anti-proliferative effect of apricot and peach kernel extracts on human colon cancer cells in vitro. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2019 Jan 29;19(1):32. doi: 10.1186/s12906-019-2437-4. 

Abstract. Background: Colorectal malignant neoplasms is one of the leading causes of death in both men and women in the developed world and the incidence has recently increased markedly in South Africa. Studies have highlighted the beneficial effects of Amygdalin, a cyanogenic compound found in both peach and apricot kernels, in its ability to suppress the development of colon cancer. The focus of this study was to investigate the potential anti-proliferative properties of various apricot and peach kernels extractions from South Africa and China and to monitor alterations in cell cycle kinetics in colon cancer cells.....Conclusion: Abrogation of the block by exhaustion of the cyanide production, most likely allowed the cells to resume the cell cycle and continue into mitosis, whereas low ATP levels caused by the presence of amygdalin in the kernels, can also cause the induction of pycnosis or necrosis. These results highlight the possible mechanisms of growth inhibition by amygdalin containing extracts and may contribute towards the development of dietary anti-cancer therapies.

(2) Elshamy AI, Abdallah HMI, El Gendy AEG, El-Kashak W, Muscatello B, De Leo M, Pistelli L. Evaluation of Anti-inflammatory, Antinociceptive, and Antipyretic Activities of Prunus persica var. nucipersica (Nectarine) Kernel. Planta Med. 2019 Aug;85(11-12):1016-1023. doi: 10.1055/a-0955-5876.

Abstract. Nectarine (Prunus persica var. nucipersica) is a worldwide appreciated edible subspecies, with a high nutritional value and benefits on human health due to its phenolic content. Despite the large consumption of the fruit, the potential use of its kernel is poorly studied. Herein, the potential pharmacological activities and the phenolic constituents of an alcoholic extract of kernel nectarine fruits were investigated. Administering nectarine kernel extract (50 and 100 mg/kg, respectively) in rats reduced paw edema after carrageenan injection by 11 and 47% in 1 h, 24 and 33% in 2 h, and 23 and 32% in 4 h, when compared to the controls. At the higher dose (100 mg/kg), nectarine kernel extract increased the reaction time in the hot-plate model and produced a significant decrease in the rectal temperature of the pyretic rats, while both doses produced 52 and 59% of writhing inhibition compared to the control group. Total polyphenolic (55.91 ± 5.78 mg/g) and flavonoid (29.89 ± 0.55 mg/g) content indicated that the extract is a promising source of these constituents. HPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis demonstrated the presence of flavonoids, such as naringenin and apigenin glycosides. The cyanogenic glycosides amigdalin and prunasin were also detected. These results highlight the anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic activities of nectarine kernel alcoholic extract, together with significant phenolic content, promoting its exploitation as a source of bioactive molecules.

(3) Cassiem W, de Kock M. The anti-proliferative effect of apricot and peach kernel extracts on human colon cancer cells in vitro. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2019 Jan 29;19(1):32. doi: 10.1186/s12906-019-2437-4. 

Abstract. Background: Colorectal malignant neoplasms is one of the leading causes of death in both men and women in the developed world and the incidence has recently increased markedly in South Africa. Studies have highlighted the beneficial effects of Amygdalin, a cyanogenic compound found in both peach and apricot kernels, in its ability to suppress the development of colon cancer. The focus of this study was to investigate the potential anti-proliferative properties of various apricot and peach kernels extractions from South Africa and China and to monitor alterations in cell cycle kinetics in colon cancer cells.....Conclusion: Abrogation of the block by exhaustion of the cyanide production, most likely allowed the cells to resume the cell cycle and continue into mitosis, whereas low ATP levels caused by the presence of amygdalin in the kernels, can also cause the induction of pycnosis or necrosis. These results highlight the possible mechanisms of growth inhibition by amygdalin containing extracts and may contribute towards the development of dietary anti-cancer therapies.

(4) Dalkıran T, Kandur Y, Ozaslan M, Acıpayam C, Olgar S. Role of Hemodialysis in the Management of Cyanide Intoxication From Apricot Kernels in a 3-Year-Old Child. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2020 Oct;36(10):e582-e584. doi: 10.1097/PEC.0000000000001644. 

Abstract. Cyanide (CN) is one among the most potent and rapidly acting lethal poisons, and it may cause death unless immediately diagnosed and treated. We report an unusual case of pediatric CN poisoning after ingestion of apricot kernels containing amygdalin, who survived with antidotal therapy and hemodialysis. A 3-year-old girl presented with respiratory distress and coma following tonic-clonic convulsions after ingestion of 3 apricot kernels. She had severe metabolic acidosis (pH 6.91, bicarbonate [HCO3] 5.6 mEq/L, base excess -26.0 mEq/L). Her blood CN level was measured 3.15 mg/L, 3 hours after ingestion. Hydroxocobalamin could not be administered immediately because it had to be brought from a medical center 4 hours apart. Therefore, a 3-hour hemodialysis session was carried out, following which she showed some clinical improvement. In addition, when hydroxocobalamin was obtained, it was then administered. During follow-up, she was completely asymptomatic with blood pressure, and other hemodynamic parameters normalized. This case presents hemodialysis as a way to correct metabolic derangements from CN poisoning and suggests that it may have a role in select cases of pediatric CN poisoning, especially when CN-scavenging antidotes may be unavailable.

Compendium of the most significant studies with reference to properties, intake, effects.

In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of the Anticancer and Anti-inflammatory Activities of 2-Himachelen-7-ol isolated from Cedrus Libani. Elias A, Shebaby WN, Nehme B, Faour W, Bassil BS, Hakim JE, Iskandar R, Dib-Jalbout N, Mroueh M, Daher C, Taleb RI. Sci Rep. 2019 Sep 6;9(1):12855. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-49374-9.

Cedrus deodara: In vitro antileishmanial efficacy & immumomodulatory activity.
Narayan S, Thakur CP, Bahadur S, Thakur M, Pandey SN, Thakur AK, Mitra DK, Mukherjee PK.
Indian J Med Res. 2017 Dec;146(6):780-787. doi: 10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_959_16

The Occurrence of Flavonoids and Related Compounds in Cedrus brevifolia A. Henry ex Elwes & A. Henry Needles. Inhibitory Potencies on Lipoxygenase, Linoleic Acid Lipid Peroxidation and Antioxidant Activity.
Douros A, Hadjipavlou-Litina D, Nikolaou K, Skaltsa H.
Plants (Basel). 2017 Dec 27;7(1). pii: E1. doi: 10.3390/plants7010001

Odor-active constituents of Cedrus atlantica wood essential oil.
Uehara A, Tommis B, Belhassen E, Satrani B, Ghanmi M, Baldovini N.
Phytochemistry. 2017 Dec;144:208-215. doi: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2017.09.017.

Antibacterial Activity of Shikimic Acid from Pine Needles of Cedrus deodara against Staphylococcus aureus through Damage to Cell Membrane.
Bai J, Wu Y, Liu X, Zhong K, Huang Y, Gao H.
Int J Mol Sci. 2015 Nov 13;16(11):27145-55. doi: 10.3390/ijms161126015

Inhalation of Cedrus atlantica essential oil alleviates pain behavior through activation of descending pain modulation pathways in a mouse model of postoperative pain.
Martins DF, Emer AA, Batisti AP, Donatello N, Carlesso MG, Mazzardo-Martins L, Venzke D, Micke GA, Pizzolatti MG, Piovezan AP, dos Santos AR.
J Ethnopharmacol. 2015 Dec 4;175:30-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.08.048.

Membrane stabilizing activity — a possible mechanism of action for the anti-inflammatory activity of Cedrus deodara wood oil  U.A.Shinde.S.PhadkeA.M.NairA.A.MungantiwarV.J.DikshitM.N.Saraf https://doi.org/10.1016/S0367-326X(99)00030-1

Cedar is the fruit of conifers of the genus Cedrus belonging to the family of the Pinaceae, native to the Mediterranean, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey.

Popular plants of the genus Cedrus: Cedrus Libani, Cedrus deodara, Cedrus brevifolia. Cedrus atlantica

The plant and its fruits have been used for centuries in traditional medicine against various diseases.

Its composition includes steroids, procyanidins and terpenoids.

In particular, in the seeds are present chloroform, alpha-pinene and beta-pinene in a rather abundant measure which, probably, are involved in the antiproliferative activity against leukemic cells K562 (1).

A new phenolic compound, 3-p-trans-coumaroyl-2-hydroxyquinic acid, isolated from Cedrus deodara, has proven effective against certain bacteria including Staphylococcus aureus. The discovery is interesting because of the great demand of the food industry for natural antibacterial agents (2).

Another interesting active compound, also obtained from Cedrus deodara pine needles, 2R,3R-dihydromyricetin, has shown a strong anti-oxidative capacity and can be used to prevent browning of foods (3).

The fruits contain vitamin C and traces of minerals, but there is no evidence in the scientific literature of the benefits celebrated by ethnic medicine.

An essential oil with antimicrobial and antifungal properties is obtained from the wood.

Cedar studies

References_____________________________________

(1) Antiproliferative and Erythroid Differentiation Activities of Cedrus libani Seed  Extracts against K562 Human Chronic Myelogenus Leukemia Cells Antoine M. Saab, Ilaria Lampronti, Alessandro Grandini, Monica Borgatti, Alessia Finotti,
Gianni Sacchetti,  Roberto Gambari, Alessandra Guerrini  International Journal of Pharmaceutical & Biological Archives 2011; 2(6):1744-1748

(2) Antibacterial Activity and Membrane-Disruptive Mechanism of 3-p-trans-Coumaroyl-2-hydroxyquinic Acid, a Novel Phenolic Compound from Pine Needles of Cedrus deodara, against Staphylococcus aureus.  Wu Y, Bai J, Zhong K, Huang Y, Qi H, Jiang Y, Gao H.  Molecules. 2016 Aug 18;21(8). pii: E1084. doi: 10.3390/molecules21081084.

(3) A potent antibrowning agent from pine needles of Cedrus deodara: 2R,3R-dihydromyricetin.  Liang X, Wu YP, Qiu JH, Zhong K, Gao H.  J Food Sci. 2014 Sep;79(9):C1643-8. doi: 10.1111/1750-3841.12583.

Peach (Prunus persica) is one of the most widespread fruits in the world with a harvest of 25 million tons in 2016. 

It has a short reproductive cycle, has about 200 cultivars and belongs to the Rosaceae family.

The best known cultivars:

• Common peach (Prunus persica) yellow
• Common peach (Prunus persica) white
• Nectarine yellow (Prunus persica var. nucipersica)
• Nectarine white(Prunus persica var. nucipersica)

In the composition of the peach there are phenolic compounds, anthocyanins, phytoestrogens and flavonoids.

Phenolic compounds include: chlorogenic acid, neochlorogenic acid, catechin.

The most interesting part, from a health point of view, is the kernel.

Colon cancer is one of the most common diseases in the world and is directly dependent on an incorrect diet that includes a high content of saturated fat, low intake of dietary fiber, alcohol. The kernel of the peach, like that of the apricot, is composed of glycosides such as amygdalin, oleic acid and linoleic acid as well as a good content of flavonoids. This study by two researchers of the University of Cape Town demonstrated the potential anti-tumor activity of bean kernel extract on cancer cells of the colon (1).

An alcoholic extract of peach kernel showed anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive and antipyretic activity (2).

Amygdalin, a cyanogenic glycoside contained in the kernel of apricot, but also in that of almond and peach, has been accredited by scientific literature as having suppressive effects on the development of colon cancer. The daily intake of kernels, based on a controlled form of intake, can be considered a chemopreventive agent (3).

Warning: the word "controlled" is underlined because amygdalin contains cyanide, a powerful and lethal poison. This study presents the case of a 3-year-old child with severe intoxication due to ingestion of 3 mango kernels (4). Do-it-yourself treatment is therefore not recommended.

Peach studies

References___________________________________________

(1) The anti-proliferative effect of apricot and peach kernel extracts on human colon cancer cells in vitro.  Cassiem W, de Kock M.  BMC Complement Altern Med. 2019 Jan 29;19(1):32. doi: 10.1186/s12906-019-2437-4.

(2) Evaluation of Anti-inflammatory, Antinociceptive, and Antipyretic Activities of Prunus persica var. nucipersica (Nectarine) Kernel.  Elshamy AI, Abdallah HMI, El Gendy AEG, El-Kashak W, Muscatello B, De Leo M, Pistelli L.  Planta Med. 2019 Aug;85(11-12):1016-1023. doi: 10.1055/a-0955-5876.

(3) The anti-proliferative effect of apricot and peach kernel extracts on human colon cancer cells in vitro.  Cassiem W, de Kock M.  BMC Complement Altern Med. 2019 Jan 29;19(1):32. doi: 10.1186/s12906-019-2437-4.

(4) Role of Hemodialysis in the Management of Cyanide Intoxication From Apricot Kernels in a 3-Year-Old Child.  Dalkiran T, Kandur Y, Ozaslan M, Acipayam C, Olgar S.  Pediatr Emerg Care. 2018 Nov 5. doi: 10.1097/PEC.0000000000001644. 

Compendium of the most significant studies with reference to properties, intake, effects.

Comparison of Phytochemical Differences of the Pulp of Different Peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] Cultivars with Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity Variations in China Using UPLC-Q-TOF/MS.
Zhang X, Su M, Du J, Zhou H, Li X, Li X, Ye Z.
Molecules. 2019 May 22;24(10). pii: E1968. doi: 10.3390/molecules24101968.

Peach Kernel Oil Downregulates Expression of Tissue Factor and Reduces Atherosclerosis in ApoE knockout Mice.
Hao E, Pang G, Du Z, Lai YH, Chen JR, Xie J, Zhou K, Hou X, Hsiao CD, Deng J.
Int J Mol Sci. 2019 Jan 18;20(2). pii: E405. doi: 10.3390/ijms20020405.

Unripe peach (Prunus persica) extract ameliorates damage from UV irradiation and improved collagen XVIII expression in 3D skin model.
Yonezawa T, Momota R, Iwano H, Zhao S, Hakozaki T, Soh C, Sawaki S, Toyama K, Oohashi T.
J Cosmet Dermatol. 2018 Dec 7. doi: 10.1111/jocd.12841

Peach (Prunus persica) is one of the most widespread fruits in the world with a harvest of 25 million tons in 2022.

It has a short reproductive cycle, has about 200 cultivars and belongs to the Rosaceae family.

The best known cultivars:

• Common peach (Prunus persica) yellow
• Common peach (Prunus persica) white
• Nectarine yellow (Prunus persica var. nucipersica)
• Nectarine white (Prunus persica var. nucipersica)

In the composition of the peach there are phenolic compounds, anthocyanins, phytoestrogens and flavonoids.

Phenolic compounds include: chlorogenic acid, neochlorogenic acid, catechin.

The interesting part, from a health point of view, is the kernel.

Colon cancer is one of the most common diseases in the world and is directly dependent on an incorrect diet that includes a high content of saturated fat, low intake of dietary fiber, alcohol. The kernel of the peach, like that of the apricot, is composed of glycosides such as amygdalin, oleic acid and linoleic acid as well as a good content of flavonoids. This study by two researchers of the University of Cape Town demonstrated the potential anti-tumor activity of bean kernel extract on cancer cells of the colon (1).

An alcoholic extract of peach kernel showed anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive and antipyretic activity (2).

Amygdalin, a cyanogenic glycoside contained in the kernel of apricot, but also in that of almond and peach, has been accredited by scientific literature as having suppressive effects on the development of colon cancer. The daily intake of kernels, based on a controlled form of intake, can be considered a chemopreventive agent (3).

Warning: the word "controlled" is underlined because amygdalin contains cyanide, a powerful and lethal poison. This study presents the case of a 3-year-old child with severe intoxication due to ingestion of 3 mango kernels (4). Do-it-yourself treatment is therefore not recommended.

Peach studies

References___________________________________________

(1) Cassiem W, de Kock M. The anti-proliferative effect of apricot and peach kernel extracts on human colon cancer cells in vitro. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2019 Jan 29;19(1):32. doi: 10.1186/s12906-019-2437-4. 

Abstract. Background: Colorectal malignant neoplasms is one of the leading causes of death in both men and women in the developed world and the incidence has recently increased markedly in South Africa. Studies have highlighted the beneficial effects of Amygdalin, a cyanogenic compound found in both peach and apricot kernels, in its ability to suppress the development of colon cancer. The focus of this study was to investigate the potential anti-proliferative properties of various apricot and peach kernels extractions from South Africa and China and to monitor alterations in cell cycle kinetics in colon cancer cells.....Conclusion: Abrogation of the block by exhaustion of the cyanide production, most likely allowed the cells to resume the cell cycle and continue into mitosis, whereas low ATP levels caused by the presence of amygdalin in the kernels, can also cause the induction of pycnosis or necrosis. These results highlight the possible mechanisms of growth inhibition by amygdalin containing extracts and may contribute towards the development of dietary anti-cancer therapies.

(2) Elshamy AI, Abdallah HMI, El Gendy AEG, El-Kashak W, Muscatello B, De Leo M, Pistelli L. Evaluation of Anti-inflammatory, Antinociceptive, and Antipyretic Activities of Prunus persica var. nucipersica (Nectarine) Kernel. Planta Med. 2019 Aug;85(11-12):1016-1023. doi: 10.1055/a-0955-5876.

Abstract. Nectarine (Prunus persica var. nucipersica) is a worldwide appreciated edible subspecies, with a high nutritional value and benefits on human health due to its phenolic content. Despite the large consumption of the fruit, the potential use of its kernel is poorly studied. Herein, the potential pharmacological activities and the phenolic constituents of an alcoholic extract of kernel nectarine fruits were investigated. Administering nectarine kernel extract (50 and 100 mg/kg, respectively) in rats reduced paw edema after carrageenan injection by 11 and 47% in 1 h, 24 and 33% in 2 h, and 23 and 32% in 4 h, when compared to the controls. At the higher dose (100 mg/kg), nectarine kernel extract increased the reaction time in the hot-plate model and produced a significant decrease in the rectal temperature of the pyretic rats, while both doses produced 52 and 59% of writhing inhibition compared to the control group. Total polyphenolic (55.91 ± 5.78 mg/g) and flavonoid (29.89 ± 0.55 mg/g) content indicated that the extract is a promising source of these constituents. HPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis demonstrated the presence of flavonoids, such as naringenin and apigenin glycosides. The cyanogenic glycosides amigdalin and prunasin were also detected. These results highlight the anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic activities of nectarine kernel alcoholic extract, together with significant phenolic content, promoting its exploitation as a source of bioactive molecules.

(3) Cassiem W, de Kock M. The anti-proliferative effect of apricot and peach kernel extracts on human colon cancer cells in vitro. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2019 Jan 29;19(1):32. doi: 10.1186/s12906-019-2437-4. 

Abstract. Background: Colorectal malignant neoplasms is one of the leading causes of death in both men and women in the developed world and the incidence has recently increased markedly in South Africa. Studies have highlighted the beneficial effects of Amygdalin, a cyanogenic compound found in both peach and apricot kernels, in its ability to suppress the development of colon cancer. The focus of this study was to investigate the potential anti-proliferative properties of various apricot and peach kernels extractions from South Africa and China and to monitor alterations in cell cycle kinetics in colon cancer cells.....Conclusion: Abrogation of the block by exhaustion of the cyanide production, most likely allowed the cells to resume the cell cycle and continue into mitosis, whereas low ATP levels caused by the presence of amygdalin in the kernels, can also cause the induction of pycnosis or necrosis. These results highlight the possible mechanisms of growth inhibition by amygdalin containing extracts and may contribute towards the development of dietary anti-cancer therapies.

(4) Dalkıran T, Kandur Y, Ozaslan M, Acıpayam C, Olgar S. Role of Hemodialysis in the Management of Cyanide Intoxication From Apricot Kernels in a 3-Year-Old Child. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2020 Oct;36(10):e582-e584. doi: 10.1097/PEC.0000000000001644. 

Abstract. Cyanide (CN) is one among the most potent and rapidly acting lethal poisons, and it may cause death unless immediately diagnosed and treated. We report an unusual case of pediatric CN poisoning after ingestion of apricot kernels containing amygdalin, who survived with antidotal therapy and hemodialysis. A 3-year-old girl presented with respiratory distress and coma following tonic-clonic convulsions after ingestion of 3 apricot kernels. She had severe metabolic acidosis (pH 6.91, bicarbonate [HCO3] 5.6 mEq/L, base excess -26.0 mEq/L). Her blood CN level was measured 3.15 mg/L, 3 hours after ingestion. Hydroxocobalamin could not be administered immediately because it had to be brought from a medical center 4 hours apart. Therefore, a 3-hour hemodialysis session was carried out, following which she showed some clinical improvement. In addition, when hydroxocobalamin was obtained, it was then administered. During follow-up, she was completely asymptomatic with blood pressure, and other hemodynamic parameters normalized. This case presents hemodialysis as a way to correct metabolic derangements from CN poisoning and suggests that it may have a role in select cases of pediatric CN poisoning, especially when CN-scavenging antidotes may be unavailable.

Contribution of phenolic compounds, ascorbic acid and vitamin E to antioxidant activity of currant (Ribes L.) and gooseberry (Ribes uva-crispa L.) fruits.
Orsavová J, Hlaváčová I, Mlček J, Snopek L, Mišurcová L.
Food Chem. 2019 Jun 30;284:323-333. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.01.072.

High content analysis of sea buckthorn, black chokeberry, red and white currants microbiota - A pilot study.
Lukša J, Vepštaitė-Monstavičė I, Yurchenko V, Serva S, Servienė E.
Food Res Int. 2018 Sep;111:597-606. doi: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.05.060.

Red/Green Currant and Sea Buckthorn Berry Press Residues as Potential Sources of Antioxidants for Food Use.
Puganen A, Kallio HP, Schaich KM, Suomela JP, Yang B.
J Agric Food Chem. 2018 Apr 4;66(13):3426-3434. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b00177.

Colonic fermentation of polyphenols from Chilean currants (Ribes spp.) and its effect on antioxidant capacity and metabolic syndrome-associated enzymes.
Burgos-Edwards A, Jiménez-Aspee F, Theoduloz C, Schmeda-Hirschmann G.
Food Chem. 2018 Aug 30;258:144-155. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.03.053.

Polyphenol metabolism in differently colored cultivars of red currant (Ribes rubrum L.) through fruit ripening.
Zorenc Z, Veberic R, Koron D, Miosic S, Hutabarat OS, Halbwirth H, Mikulic-Petkovsek M.
Planta. 2017 Aug;246(2):217-226. doi: 10.1007/s00425-017-2670-3.

Qualitative and quantitative changes in polyphenol composition and bioactivity of Ribes magellanicum and R. punctatum after in vitro gastrointestinal digestion.
Burgos-Edwards A, Jiménez-Aspee F, Thomas-Valdés S, Schmeda-Hirschmann G, Theoduloz C.
Food Chem. 2017 Dec 15;237:1073-1082. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.06.060.

Antioxidant capacities and anthocyanin characteristics of the black-red wild berries obtained in Northeast China.
Feng C, Su S, Wang L, Wu J, Tang Z, Xu Y, Shu Q, Wang L.
Food Chem. 2016 Aug 1;204:150-8. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.02.122.

Variation in the fatty-acid content in seeds of various black, red, and white currant varieties.
Šavikin KP, Ðorđević BS, Ristić MS, Krivokuća-Ðokić D, Pljevljakušić DS, Vulić T.
Chem Biodivers. 2013 Jan;10(1):157-65. doi: 10.1002/cbdv.201200223