P411ED0N2B (TAED  or Tetraacetylethylenediamine) is a chemical organic compound used as a bleaching agent in cleaning products and detergents. 

The name describes the structure of the molecule

• "Tetra" indicates the presence of four identical functional groups in the molecule.
• "acetyle" refers to the acetyl functional group, which has the formula CH₃CO.
• "ethylenediamine" indicates a diamine structure derived from ethylene, with the formula H₂N-CH₂-CH₂-NH₂.

Description of raw materials used in production

• Ethylenediamine (EDA). This serves as the backbone for producing TAED. It's an organic compound with two amine groups. Ethylenediamine is used in chemistry for its bonding properties and as a base for complex formation.
• Acetic anhydride. Used to acetylate the ethylenediamine and produce TAED. Acetyl groups are derived from acetic acid and are known for their reactive properties.

Step-by-step summary of industrial chemical synthesis process

• Ethylenediamine is placed in a suitable reactor.
• Acetic anhydride is added to the ethylenediamine in the reactor.
• The reaction between EDA and acetic anhydride yields TAED. The reaction needs to be monitored to ensure it occurs under optimal conditions.
• Once the reaction is complete, the mixture is cooled.
• The produced TAED is then filtered and washed.
• After filtration, the TAED is dried.
• The dried product is then ground to the desired size and packaged.

It appears in the form of a white powder. 

What it is for and where

Tetraacetylethylenediamine is a whitener that is mainly used in detergents and additives for washing machines and dishwashers. It is completely dissolved in a few minutes during washing.

Cosmetics

Bleaching agent. This ingredient exerts a depigmentation and/or lightening action on the set of pigments produced by melanocytes and known as melanin, the substance responsible for skin colouration.

Medical Applications

Sterilization. In the medical realm, TAED can be used in conjunction with peracids for equipment sterilization (1).

Commercial Applications

Detergents. TAED is commonly used in laundry detergents as an activator for hydrogen peroxide, allowing the release of peroxide even at low temperatures.

Bleaching agents. It's used as a precursor for generating radical species that possess bleaching properties.

Industrial Cleaning. TAED enhances the efficiency of industrial cleaning products, especially where bleaching power is needed.

Safety

It is generally considered safe.

https://www.heraproject.com/files/2-F-04-HERA%20TAED%20full%20web%20wd.pdf

• Molecular Formula   C₁₀H₁₆N₂O₄
• Molecular Weight   228.24 g/mol
• CAS  10543-57-4
• EC number  234-123-8

• EINECS 234-123-8
• DTXSID5040752

Synonyms: 

• TAED
• Tetraacetylethylenediamine
• Acetamide, N,N'-1,2-ethanediylbis[N-acetyl-

References________________________________________________________________________

(1) Shakouie S, Salem Milani A, Eskandarnejad M, Rahimi S, Froughreyhani M, Galedar S, Ranjbar E. Antimicrobial activity of tetraacetylethylenediamine-sodium perborate versus sodium hypochlorite against Enterococcus faecalis. J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects. 2016 Winter;10(1):43-7. doi: 10.15171/joddd.2015.007. Epub 2016 Mar 16. PMID: 27092214; PMCID: PMC4831611.

Abstract. Background. This study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of Tetraacetylethylenediamine-sodium perborate (TAED-SP) in comparison to 2.5% and 5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) against Enterococcus faecalis. Methods. A standard suspension of E. faecalis was inoculated on 60 plates containing Mueller-Hinton agar culture medium. Four sterile disks of Beckman filtration paper were placed on each plate. TAED-SP, 5% and 2.5% NaOCl were placed on three disks. Sterile physiologic saline was placed on the fourth disk as negative control. After 24-hour incubation, the diameter of the inhibition zone around the disks was measured using a transparent ruler. One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the mean zone of microbial growth in the groups. P-values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results. There was a significant difference in the diameter of the inhibition zones between groups (P < 0.05). The Tukey post hoc test showed a higher diameter of the inhibitory zone with TAED-SP than that of 2.5% NaOCl. However, there were no significant differences between the inhibitory zones of TAED-SP and 5% NaOCl. Conclusion. TAED-SP and 5% NaOCl have similar antibacterial activity against E. faecalis; however, TAED-SP has a greater antibacterial effect compared to 2.5% NaOCl.

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Natural Hardwood Smoke is produced through the controlled burning of hardwoods such as oak, hickory, mesquite, or cherry. It is commonly used in the food industry to smoke and flavor meats, cheeses, and other products.

Raw Materials Used in the Production

• Hardwood. Woods like oak, hickory, mesquite, or cherry are chosen for their specific aromatic characteristics.
• Water. Used to capture and condense aromatic compounds during the smoking process.

Industrial Production Process

• Preparation. The selected hardwood is prepared for burning.
• Burning. The wood is burned under controlled conditions to produce smoke.
• Smoke Capture. The smoke is captured and cooled, allowing the aromatic compounds to condense.
• Purification. The condensed smoke is filtered to remove particles and impurities.
• Concentration. The purified smoke is concentrated to increase its aromatic intensity.

Appearance and Color

Natural Hardwood Smoke appears as a brown liquid.

Food Industry. Natural hardwood smoke is used for smoking and flavoring meats, fish, and other foods. It imparts a distinctive taste and smoky aroma.

Cooking Techniques. Used in traditional barbecue and smoking cooking techniques, where hardwood is burned to create smoke that permeates the food.

Food Preservation. The smoking process also contributes to food preservation, slowing down bacterial growth.

Taste Variations. The type of hardwood used (such as oak, hickory, mesquite, or cherry) influences the specific flavor imparted to the foods.

Environmental Aspects. Smoke production requires sustainable management of wood resources to minimize environmental impact.

Safety

Generally considered safe when used properly, but it's important to ensure the quality and purity of the wood to avoid contaminating food with harmful substances.

Benzoate Sodium is a chemical compound, organic sodium salt of benzoic acid. 

The name defines the structure of the molecule

• Benzoate indicates the presence of a benzoate group, which is an ester of benzoic acid.

• sodium is an alkali metal, symbol Na, with atomic number 11. It's an essential element for life and plays a key role in regulating blood pressure and plasma volume.

Description and function of the raw materials used in production

• Benzoic acid - An aromatic carboxylic acid found in many plants and resins, but for industrial use, it is often produced synthetically.
• Sodium hydroxide (or sodium carbonate) - Used to neutralize benzoic acid and form the sodium salt.

Summary of the industrial synthesis process step by step

• Neutralization - Benzoic acid is neutralized with sodium hydroxide or sodium carbonate to form sodium benzoate and water.
• Crystallization - The resulting solution is cooled to form crystals of sodium benzoate.
• Purification - The crystals are filtered, washed, and dried to obtain pure sodium benzoate.

It appears as a white, fine, odourless powder. Soluble in water, soluble in ethanol.

What it is used for and where it is used

Food

It is used as a preservative in the food industry and is labelled with the number E211 in the list of European food additives. The antibacterial effectiveness of benzoic acid and its salts, such as sodium benzoate in this case, is highly dependent on the pH of the substances in which it is added. Sodium benzoate is used intensively in soft drinks containing high-fructose corn syrup because of its power to increase acidity and taste. Because of these characteristics it is frequently found in sauces, jams, fruit juices and pickles. It is also usually found in foods containing vinegar. In minimal quantities it is found in vegetables, fruit, meat, dairy products.

Binding agent in confectionery products, as a buffer improves quality in bread.

In beer it improves diastatic quality and fermentation capacity.

Cosmetics

It is a restricted ingredient as V/1  a Relevant Item in the Annexes of the European Cosmetics Regulation 1223/2009. Substance or ingredient reported: Benzoic acid and its sodium salt

Used in body care products, facial care products for its anti-bacterial and anti-fungal properties.

Fragrance. It plays a very important role in the formulation of cosmetic products as it allows perfume to be enhanced, masked or added to the final product, improving its commercial viability.  The consumer always expects to find a pleasant scent in a cosmetic product.

Preservative. Any product containing organic, inorganic compounds, water, needs to be preserved from microbial contamination. Preservatives act against the development of harmful microorganisms and against oxidation of the product.

Medicine

In medicine sodium benzoate is credited in this study with a potential benefit for cognitive function (1) and this other study confirmed that adjuvant therapy with sodium benzoate improved the symptomatology of patients with clozapine-resistant schizophrenia (2).

Cirrhosis and congenital errors of metabolism can lead to a serious but usually reversible neuropsychiatric complication, hepatic encephalopathy. Sodium benzoate is an inexpensive adjunct agent that can be used in addition to lactulose and rifaximin and may provide an option for selected patients with refractory hepatic encephalopathy who have not responded to standard therapies or cannot afford them (3).

High amounts of sodium benzoate may cause glycine deficiency, which may adversely affect brain neurochemistry (4).

Commercial applications

Food industry: Used as a preservative in a variety of food products, including soft drinks, fruit juices, condiments, and sauces.

Cosmetic and Skincare Products: Used as a preservative in items such as creams, lotions, and shampoos.

Pharmaceutical: Might be used as a preservative in oral and topical medications.

Other Uses: Found in oral care products like mouthwashes and toothpastes.

Properties

Preservative: Inhibits the growth of bacteria, yeast, and mold.

Water-soluble: Dissolves readily in water, making it suitable for a broad range of products.

Low toxicity profile: Generally recognized as safe (GRAS) for use in food and cosmetics at recommended concentrations.

The most relevant studies on the subject have been selected with a summary of their contents:

Sodium benzoate studies

Typical optimal commercial product characteristics Sodium benzoate

Appearance	White crystalline powder
Boiling Point	249.3ºC at 760 mmHg
Melting Point	>300 °C
Density	1,44 g/cm3
Flash Point	111.4ºC
pH (aqueous solution)	8
Acidity and alkalinity	0.20ml/0.1N
Loss on drying %	≤15
Heavy metals ppm	≤10      ≤0.001%
Ammonium salts ppm	≤25
Arsenic ppm	≤3
P-toluene sulfonamide	≤10ppm
O-toluene sulfonamide	≤10ppm
Selenium ppm	≤30
Sulphate	≤0.1%
PSA	40.13000
LogP	0.05010
Water solubility	53.0g/100ml,25℃
Ethanol solubility	1.4g/100ml
1,4-Dioxane(μg/g)	380 max
Benzene(μg/g)	2 max
Methylene(μg/g)	600 max
Safety

• Molecular Formula: C₇H₅O₂Na o C₇H₅NaO₂ o C₆H₅COONa o NaC₆H₅COO
• Molecular Weight: 144.105 g/mol
• Exact Mass   144.018723
• CAS: 532-32-1
• UNIII   OJ245FE5EU
• EC Number   208-534-8  
• DSSTox Substance ID   DTXSID1020140
• IUPAC  sodium;benzoate
• InChI=1S/C7H6O2.Na/c8-7(9)6-4-2-1-3-5-6;/h1-5H,(H,8,9);/q;+1/p-1  
• InChl Key      WXMKPNITSTVMEF-UHFFFAOYSA-M
• SMILES   C1=CC=C(C=C1)C(=O)[O-].[Na+]
• MDL number  MFCD00012463
• PubChem Substance ID    329823236
• ChEBI  113455
• ICSC    536
• RTECS   DH6650000
• FEMA Number: 3025
• Beilstein    3572467
• NACRES   NA.24

Synonyms: 

• Benzoic acid, sodium salt
• E211
• Sobenate
• sodium;benzoate
• Antimol
• Carboxybenzene sodium salt
• Benzoic acid sodium salt
• Sodiumbenzoate
• Benzoate sodium
• BENZOTRON(R)
• Benzoate of soda
• PUROX S
• Benzoate, sodium

References___________________________________________________________________

(1) Lin CH, Yang HT, Chen PK, Wang SH, Lane HY. Precision Medicine of Sodium Benzoate for the Treatment of Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia (BPSD). Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2020 Feb 20;16:509-518. doi: 10.2147/NDT.S234371.

Lin CH, Chen PK, Wang SH, Lane HY. Sodium benzoate for the treatment of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD): A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 6-week trial. J Psychopharmacol. 2019 Aug;33(8):1030-1033. doi: 10.1177/0269881119849815.

(2) Lin CH, Lin CH, Chang YC, Huang YJ, Chen PW, Yang HT, Lane HY. Sodium Benzoate, a D-Amino Acid Oxidase Inhibitor, Added to Clozapine for the Treatment of Schizophrenia: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Biol Psychiatry. 2018 Sep 15;84(6):422-432. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.12.006. 

(3) Misel ML, Gish RG, Patton H, Mendler M. Sodium benzoate for treatment of hepatic encephalopathy. Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y). 2013 Apr;9(4):219-27. 

(4) Piper JD, Piper PW. Benzoate and Sorbate Salts: A Systematic Review of the Potential Hazards of These Invaluable Preservatives and the Expanding Spectrum of Clinical Uses for Sodium Benzoate. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf. 2017 Sep;16(5):868-880. doi: 10.1111/1541-4337.12284. 

Butylhydroxytoluene (Butylated hydroxytoluene or BHT or Hydroxy toluene butylate or Toluene hydroxylated butylate or 2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-cresol), is an organic chemical compound, lipophilic phenol, obtained synthetically by the reaction of 4-methylphenol with isobutylene and catalysed by sulphuric acid.

The synthesis process takes place in different steps:

• Preparation. The raw materials are p-cresol (a phenol) and isobutene (a hydrocarbon).
• Alkylation. p-cresol is reacted with isobutene in the presence of a catalyst, such as sulphuric acid, at a controlled temperature and pressure. This process is known as alkylation and attaches the tert-butyl groups to the p-cresol molecule.
• Separation. The reaction mixture is then separated to isolate the 2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-cresol by various methods, including distillation, in which the mixture is heated and the components that vaporise at different temperatures are separated.
• Purification.  The separated product is purified to remove any unreacted materials and by-products by processes such as washing, filtration and drying.
• Quality control. The final product is tested to ensure that it meets the necessary quality standards.

It appears as a white, stable but photosensitive powder. Flammable. Incompatible with oxidising agents, acid chlorides, bases, brass, acid anhydrides, copper, copper alloys, steel.

What it is used for and where

Food

A synthetic antioxidant generally considered safe in food. It has the ability to control free radicals by eliminating peroxyl radicals and to control free radical generation by inhibiting or retarding oxidation (1). The FDA-authorised maximum use dose is 0.02% in meat and meat products from the meat processing industry.

Ingredient included in the list of European food additives as E321, antioxidant.

Cosmetics

BHT is a restricted ingredient as   a Relevant Item in the Annexes of the European Cosmetics Regulation 1223/2009. Ingredient at risk: 2,6-Di-Tert-Butyl-4-Methylphenol

Product Type, body parts: a) Mouthwash b) Toothpaste c) Other leave-on and rinse-off products. Maximum concentration in ready for use preparation    a) 0,001 % b) 0,1 % c) 0,8 %

From 1 July 2023 cosmetic products containing that substance and not complying with the restrictions shall not be placed on the Union market. From 1 January 2024 cosmetic products containing that substance and not complying with the restrictions shall not be made available on the Union market.

It is included in formulations of shower gels, shampoos, lipsticks as an antioxidant to improve the stability of fat-soluble cosmetics and prevent their deterioration.

Antioxidant agent. Ingredient that counteracts oxidative stress and prevents cell damage. Free radicals, pathological inflammatory processes, reactive nitrogen species and reactive oxygen species are responsible for the ageing process and many diseases caused by oxidation.

Fragrance. It plays a decisive and important role in the formulation of cosmetic products as it provides the possibility of enhancing, masking or adding fragrance to the final product, increasing its marketability. It is able to create a perceptible pleasant odour, masking a bad smell. The consumer always expects to find a pleasant or distinctive scent in a cosmetic product. 

Other uses

Also used in petroleum products, rubber, plastic foam as an antioxidant stabiliser, polyester resin, ABS resin, polyethylene, polystyrene, cellulose, transformer oil, white and clear latex.

In natural rubber processing it acts as an antioxidant and stabiliser 

Safety

BHT is a skin and eye irritant but no conclusions can be drawn on the additive's potential for skin sensitisation. It is considered safe by EFSA in animal feed (2) but this study recommends monitoring and limiting its use (3) and suggests that BHT consumption should not exceed 0.5 mg/kg body weight (4).

For more information:

BHT studies

Typical commercial product characteristicsBHT Butylated Hydroxy Toluene

Appearance	White powder
Boiling Point	265ºC
Melting Point	69-71ºC
Flash Point	127ºC
Density	1.048
PSA	20.23000
Vapor Pressure	0.0±0.6 mmHg at 25°C
Vapor density	7.6
LogP	5.32
Refraction Index	1.499
Sulphate SO4	≤ 0.002 w/%
Arsenic	≤ 1 mg/kg
Cauterized residue	≤ 0.004 w/%
Free phenol (p-cresol)	≤ 0.01 w/%
Water	≤0.1%
Safety

• Molecular Formula   C₁₅H₂₄O
• Linear Formula [(CH₃)₃C]₂C₆H₂(CH₃)OH
• Molecular Weight 220.356 g/mol
• Exact Mass    220.182709
• UNII: 1P9D0Z171K
• CAS: 128-37-0  
• DSSTox Substance ID  
• IUPAC  2,6-ditert-butyl-4-methylphenol
• InChl=  1S/C15H24O/c1-10-8-11(14(2,3)4)13(16)12(9-10)15(5,6)7/h8-9,16H,1-7H3
• InChl Key      NLZUEZXRPGMBCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N
• SMILES  CC1=CC(=C(C(=C1)C(C)(C)C)O)C(C)(C)C
• EC Number: 204-881-4  
• FEMA Number: 2184
• PubChem Substance ID 329749182
• MDL number MFCD00011644
• Beilstein Registry Number 1911640

Synonyms

• 2,6-Di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol
• Butylated hydroxytoluene
• Butylhydroxytoluene
• 2,6-Di-tert-butyl-p-cresol
• 2,6-Di-t-butyl-4-methylphenol
• Ionol
• Parabar 441
• Paranox 441
• 2,6-Di-tert-butyl-4-cresol
• DBPC
• Dibunol
• Stavox
• Phenol, 2,6-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-methyl-
• BHT
• Ionol CP
• Antrancine 8
• Butylated hydroxytoluol
• Vulkanox KB
• Impruvol
• Topanol
• Dalpac
• 2,6-ditert-butyl-4-methylphenol
• Di-tert-butyl-p-cresol
• Dibutylated hydroxytoluene
• Deenax
• Ionole
• Vianol
• Antioxidant KB
• 3,5-Di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxytoluene
• Antioxidant 4K
• Sumilizer BHT
• Topanol O
• Topanol OC
• Vanlube PC
• Antioxidant DBPC
• Sustane BHT
• Tenamene 3
• Vanlube PCX
• Antioxidant 29
• Antioxidant 30
• Nonox TBC
• Tenox BHT
• Chemanox 11
• Ionol 1
• Agidol
• Catalin CAO-3
• Advastab 401
• Ionol (antioxidant)
• BUKS

References______________________________________________________________________

(1) Zahid MA, Eom JU, Parvin R, Seo JK, Yang HS. Changes in Quality Traits and Oxidation Stability of Syzygium aromaticum Extract-Added Cooked Ground Beef during Frozen Storage. Antioxidants (Basel). 2022 Mar 11;11(3):534. doi: 10.3390/antiox11030534.

(2) EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP), Bampidis V, Azimonti G, Bastos ML, Christensen H, Dusemund B, Fašmon Durjava M, Kouba M, López-Alonso M, López Puente S, Marcon F, Mayo B, Pechová A, Petkova M, Ramos F, Sanz Y, Villa RE, Woutersen R, Finizio A, Teodorovic I, Aquilina G, Bories G, Gropp J, Nebbia C, Innocenti M. Safety and efficacy of a feed additive consisting of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) for all animal species (Katyon Technologies Limited). EFSA J. 2022 May 10;20(5):e07287. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7287. 

(3) Abou-Hadeed AH, Mohamed AT, Hegab DY, Ghoneim MH. Ethoxyquin and Butylated Hydroxy Toluene Distrub the Hematological Parameters and Induce Structural and Functional Alterations in Liver of Rats. Arch Razi Inst. 2021 Dec 30;76(6):1765-1776. doi: 10.22092/ari.2021.356439.1844. 

(4) Lobo V, Patil A, Phatak A, Chandra N. Free radicals, antioxidants and functional foods: Impact on human health. Pharmacogn Rev. 2010 Jul;4(8):118-26. doi: 10.4103/0973-7847.70902.

Beta carotene is a type of carotenoid and pigment found naturally in carrots, beets, plants, algae and photosynthetic bacteria.

The name "beta-carotene" comes from the Greek "beta" and the Latin "carota" (carrot). It is a member of carotenes, which are unsaturated hydrocarbon pigments, with their structure composed of two linked retinyl groups. These are derived from isoprene, with their carbon skeleton consisting of 40 carbon atoms, usually in the form of eight isoprene units. The term carotene is used for several unsaturated hydrocarbon substances related to the formula C₄₀Hx,  synthesized by plants and cannot be produced by animals.

The synthesis of beta-carotene in plants occurs in plastids (including chloroplasts) and involves the action of several enzymes. Here is a simplified version of the process:

• The process begins with the formation of geranygeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP), a 20-carbon molecule formed by the 5-carbon molecule isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP), produced through the pathway of mevalonate or methylleritritol phosphate.
• Two molecules of GGPP are then condensed by the enzyme GGPP synthase to form carbon 40 phytoene, the first carotenoid in the pathway.
• Phytoene is then desaturated and isomerized by phytoene desaturase and zeta-carotene isomerase to form lycopene.
• Lycopene is then cyclized by lycopene cyclase to form alpha-carotene or beta-carotene, depending on the specific enzyme cyclase involved.

The industrial synthesis of beta-carotene is carried out chemically or through the use of microorganisms.

• Chemical synthesis. This involves a series of reactions beginning with the condensation of two isoprene molecules to form a compound with ten carbon atoms. This compound undergoes a series of reactions, including isomerisation, cyclization and dehydrogenation, to form beta-carotene. This process requires precise control of reaction conditions and the use of various catalysts. The end product is often a mixture of different carotenoids that must be separated and purified.
• Microbial synthesis. Microbial synthesis of beta-carotene involves the use of microorganisms such as fungi, yeasts or genetically modified bacteria to produce beta-carotene. The microorganisms are grown in a controlled environment where they convert simple sugars into beta-carotene. The beta-carotene is then extracted and purified. This method is more environmentally friendly and sustainable than chemical synthesis, but can be more expensive and the yield may be lower.
• One of the most common industrial methods for producing beta-carotene is the fermentation of the fungus Blakeslea trispora. This fungus naturally produces beta-carotene and, through selection and optimisation of growth conditions, may be able to produce large quantities of beta-carotene.
• Another method is the use of genetically modified bacteria or yeasts. For example, the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been genetically modified to produce beta-carotene by introducing genes for the enzymes needed to convert acetyl-CoA, a common metabolite, into beta-carotene.

What it is for and where

Medical

Taken in the human body, it turns into vitamin A (retinol) and helps protect the eyes and the immune system in general, with particular reference to the skin and mucous membranes.

It has an antioxidant function and protects the body from harmful molecules called "free radicals" that damage cells by oxidizing them and producing premature aging.

Food

Ingredient included in the list of European food additives as colouring E160a (ii): beta carotene obtained from the fermentation of the fungus Blakeslea trispora, palm oil, carrots and algae.

Cosmetics

It is a restricted ingredient as IV/111 a Relevant Item in the Annexes of the European Cosmetics Regulation 1223/2009. Ingredient or substance at risk: 

Skin conditioning agent. It is the mainstay of topical skin treatment as it has the function of restoring, increasing or improving skin tolerance to external factors, including melanocyte tolerance. The most important function of the conditioning agent is to prevent skin dehydration, but the subject is rather complex and involves emollients and humectants that can be added in the formulation.

Safety

However, it should be noted that indiscriminate assumptions of vitamin A can be toxic, so it is useless to exaggerate as the body provides for superfluous quantities, but not excessive doses.

• Molecular Formula: C₄₀H₅₆
• Molecular Weight: 536.888 g/mol
• CAS: 7235-40-7
• EC Number: 230-636-6
• UNII: 01YAE03M7J
• PubChem Substance ID 329748926
• MDL number MFCD00001556
• Beilstein Registry Number 1917416

• beta Carotene
• Serlabo
• beta,beta-Carotene
• Natural Yellow 26
• Provitamin A
• Karotin
• Betacarotene
• Solatene
• Food orange 5
• Carotaben
• Lucaratin
• Provatene
• C.I. 75130
• CI 40800

Protein Derived From Milk are a category of macromolecules obtained from milk, which primarily includes casein and whey proteins.

Raw materials used in production. 

• The primary raw material is milk, which can be obtained from various animal sources but commonly comes from cows. Casein and whey proteins are the two main families of proteins found in milk.

Step-by-step summary of industrial production process.

• Milk collection. Milk is milked from animals and collected in sterile containers.
• Cream-skim milk separation. The milk is separated into cream and skim milk using centrifugation.
• Coagulation and separation. The milk is coagulated (for casein proteins) and the curd is separated from the whey.
• Protein extraction. Proteins (either casein or whey) are further separated and isolated through various processes like filtration, diafiltration, or electrodialysis.
• Drying. The isolated proteins are then dried to produce a protein powder.

Form and color. 

Proteins derived from milk are generally available in powder form, which can range from white to yellowish, depending on the type and production process.

Commercial applications. 

Milk proteins are used in various food products, including protein supplements, functional foods, baked goods, and more, owing to their excellent functional and nutritional properties.

Dietary Supplements. Milk proteins, like casein and whey, are often used in powdered form as dietary supplements, especially for those engaged in sports activities, to promote muscle growth and repair.

Functional Foods. Used in functional foods and beverages to enrich protein content, like in protein shakes or certain baked goods.

Dairy Industry. Used in the production of cheeses and other dairy products.

Cosmetic Products. Milk proteins are also utilized in some cosmetic products for their moisturizing and nourishing properties.

Safety

Milk proteins do not inherently contain lactose, but in dairy products, they are typically present alongside it. Milk consists of several components, including water, fats, proteins, lactose (a sugar), and minerals. The primary proteins in milk are casein and whey, and these proteins themselves do not contain lactose. However, in the context of milk and many milk-derived products, lactose is present along with these proteins.

It's essential to note that some milk-derived protein products, like whey protein powder, can contain some lactose, depending on how they were processed. For example:

Whey Protein Isolate: Contains minimal lactose because most of it is removed during processing.

Whey Protein Concentrate: Can contain varying amounts of lactose.

People who are lactose intolerant might opt for lactose-free milk products or might use lactase supplements to help digest lactose found in milk products. Always check the nutritional information and ingredients on product labels if lactose content is a concern.

Pharmaceutical Products. Milk proteins might have applications in the pharmaceutical field, such as vehicles for drug delivery or for their nutritional properties in supplements.

Studies

Milk proteins are separated into two main groups: casein (~ 80%) and whey protein (~ 20%) (1)

However, it is a product that can give rise to allergic reactions (2) which is on the increase lately even in babies and children. As for the cause that can cause these allergies, it was discovered that it could be maize, or better, a protein of glucose of corn starch (3).

Other studies on milk proteins

References_______________________________________________________________________

(1) Sato ACK, Perrechil FA, Costa AAS, Santana RC, Cunha RL. - Cross-linking proteins by laccase: Effects on the droplet size and rheology of emulsions stabilized by sodium caseinate. -  Food Res Int. 2015 Sep;75:244-251. doi: 10.1016/j.foodres.2015.06.010. Epub 2015 Jun 12. 

(2) EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) -  Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for protein --  First published: 9 February 2012

(3) Cow's milk protein intolerance in adolescents and young adults with chronic fatigue syndrome. - Rowe PC, Marden CL, Jasion SE, Cranston EM, Flaherty MA, Kelly KJ. - Acta Paediatr. 2016 Sep

(4) Jirapinyo P, Densupsoontorn N, Kangwanpornsiri C, Wongarn R, Tirapongporn H, Chotipanang K, Phuangphan P. - Improved Tolerance to a New Amino Acid-Based Formula by Infants With Cow's Milk Protein Allergy. - Nutr Clin Pract. 2016 Apr

Sah BN, Vasiljevic T, McKechnie S, Donkor ON. - Antioxidative and Antibacterial Peptides Derived from Bovine Milk Proteins. -  Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2016 Aug.