"Descrizione" about Vitamin B7 by Al222 (17650 pt) | 2024-Mar-29 12:54 |
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Vitamin B7, more commonly known as biotin or Vitamin H, is part of the B vitamin family. It plays a crucial role in the body's metabolism, helping convert food into energy. Biotin is also essential for the health of hair, skin, and nails, which is why it's often highlighted in beauty and health supplements.
Main uses and benefits
Metabolic Function: Biotin is involved in the metabolism of fats, carbohydrates, and proteins, acting as a coenzyme in several metabolic reactions that release energy from nutrients.
Skin Health: It contributes to maintaining the health of the skin, helping to prevent issues such as rashes and acne.
Hair and Nail Health: Biotin is widely recognized for its contribution to the strength and growth of hair and nails, leading to its popularity in supplements for these purposes.
Nervous System Health: Biotin plays a role in supporting the nervous system, contributing to cognitive functions and psychological well-being.
Pregnancy and Breastfeeding: Adequate biotin levels are important during pregnancy and breastfeeding, as it supports embryonic growth and development.
Dietary Sources: Biotin can be found in a variety of foods, including eggs, nuts, seeds, sweet potatoes, and whole grains, making it accessible through a balanced diet.
Supplementation: While deficiency is rare, supplementation may be recommended in certain conditions, such as biotinidase deficiency, or for people with increased needs, such as pregnant or breastfeeding women.
Chemical Industrial Synthesis Process
It is used in the medical field for the treatment of alopecia (1) for which they are also used: melatonin, caffeine, marine protein extract, zinc solution (2).
Molecular Formula C10H16N2O3S
Molecular Weight 244.31
CAS 58-85-5
UNII 6SO6U10H04
EC number 200-399-3
References_____________________________________________________________________
(1) Patel DP, Swink SM, Castelo-Soccio L. A Review of the Use of Biotin for Hair Loss. Skin Appendage Disord. 2017 Aug;3(3):166-169. doi: 10.1159/000462981. Epub 2017 Apr 27. PMID: 28879195; PMCID: PMC5582478.
Abstract. Background: Biotin has gained commercial popularity for its claimed benefits on healthy hair and nail growth. Despite its reputation, there is limited research to support the utility of biotin in healthy individuals....Conclusions: Though its use as a hair and nail growth supplement is prevalent, research demonstrating the efficacy of biotin is limited. In cases of acquired and inherited causes of biotin deficiency as well as pathologies, such as brittle nail syndrome or uncombable hair, biotin supplementation may be of benefit. However, we propose these cases are uncommon and that there is lack of sufficient evidence for supplementation in healthy individuals.
(2) Famenini, S., & Goh, C. (2014). Evidence for supplemental treatments in androgenetic alopecia. Journal of Drugs in Dermatology: JDD, 13(7), 809-812.
Abstract. Currently, topical minoxidil and finasteride are the only treatments that have been FDA approved for the treatment of female pattern hair loss and androgenetic alopecia. Given the incomplete efficacy and sife effect profile of these medications, some patients utilize alternative treatments to help improve this condition. In this review, we illustrate the scientific evidence underlying the efficacy of these alternative approaches, including biotin, caffeine, melatonin, a marine extract, and zinc.
Other studies
Biotin interference in high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T testing: a real-world evaluation in acute cardiac care.Vroemen WHM, van Doorn WPTM, Kimenai DM, Wodzig WKWH, de Boer D, Bekers O, Meex SJR. Cardiovasc Res. 2019 Oct 30. pii: cvz277. doi: 10.1093/cvr/cvz277.
Dietary Biotin Supplementation Impairs Testis Morphology and Sperm Quality. Pastén-Hidalgo K, Riverón-Negrete L, Sicilia-Argumedo G, Canul-Medina G, Salazar-Anzures T, Tapia-Rodríguez M, Hernández-González EO, Roa-Espitia AL, Cedillo-Peláez C, Fernandez-Mejia C. J Med Food. 2019 Oct 29. doi: 10.1089/jmf.2019.0137.
Clinically Significant Lab Errors due to Vitamin B7 (Biotin) Supplementation: A Case Report Following a Recent FDA Warning. Rosner I, Rogers E, Maddrey A, Goldberg DM. Cureus. 2019 Aug 23;11(8):e5470. doi: 10.7759/cureus.5470.
Biotin: overview of the treatment of diseases of cutaneous appendages and of hyperseborrhea. Piraccini BM, Berardesca E, Fabbrocini G, Micali G, Tosti A. G Ital Dermatol Venereol. 2019 Oct;154(5):557-566. doi: 10.23736/S0392-0488.19.06434-4.
Novel multifunctional triple folic acid, biotin and CD44 targeting pH-sensitive nano-actiniaes for breast cancer combinational therapy. Liu M, Wang B, Guo C, Hou X, Cheng Z, Chen D. Drug Deliv. 2019 Dec;26(1):1002-1016. doi: 10.1080/10717544.2019.1669734.
Anti-pollution cosmetic-based one-step formation of w/o/w multiple emulsion containing D-biotin for skin protection: fabrication and in vitro and in vivo evaluation. Ali A, Iqbal S, Ilyas A, Khan H, Asad MHHB, Fatima N, Akhtar N. Drug Deliv Transl Res. 2019 Jun 25. doi: 10.1007/s13346-019-00655-w.
Biotin attenuation of oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, lipid metabolism alteration and 7β-hydroxycholesterol-induced cell death in 158N murine oligodendrocytes. Sghaier R, Zarrouk A, Nury T, Badreddine I, O'Brien N, Mackrill JJ, Vejux A, Samadi M, Nasser B, Caccia C, Leoni V, Moreau T, Cherkaoui-Malki M, Salhedine Masmoudi A, Lizard G. Free Radic Res. 2019 May;53(5):535-561. doi: 10.1080/10715762.2019.1612891.
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"Descrizione" about Biotin by Al222 (17650 pt) | 2024-Mar-29 12:51 |
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Biotin also commonly known as Vitamin H or Vitamin B7, is part of the B vitamin family. It plays a crucial role in the body's metabolism, helping convert food into energy. Biotin is also essential for the health of hair, skin, and nails, which is why it's often highlighted in beauty and health supplements.
Metabolic Function: Biotin is involved in the metabolism of fats, carbohydrates, and proteins, acting as a coenzyme in several metabolic reactions that release energy from nutrients.
Skin Health: It contributes to maintaining the health of the skin, helping to prevent issues such as rashes and acne.
Hair and Nail Health: Biotin is widely recognized for its contribution to the strength and growth of hair and nails, leading to its popularity in supplements for these purposes.
Nervous System Health: Biotin plays a role in supporting the nervous system, contributing to cognitive functions and psychological well-being.
Pregnancy and Breastfeeding: Adequate biotin levels are important during pregnancy and breastfeeding, as it supports embryonic growth and development.
Dietary Sources: Biotin can be found in a variety of foods, including eggs, nuts, seeds, sweet potatoes, and whole grains, making it accessible through a balanced diet.
Supplementation: While deficiency is rare, supplementation may be recommended in certain conditions, such as biotinidase deficiency, or for people with increased needs, such as pregnant or breastfeeding women.
Chemical Industrial Synthesis Process
It is used in the medical field for the treatment of alopecia (1) for which they are also used: melatonin, caffeine, marine protein extract, zinc solution (2).
Molecular Formula C10H16N2O3S
Molecular Weight 244.31
CAS 58-85-5
UNII 6SO6U10H04
EC number 200-399-3
References_____________________________________________________________________
(1) Patel DP, Swink SM, Castelo-Soccio L. A Review of the Use of Biotin for Hair Loss. Skin Appendage Disord. 2017 Aug;3(3):166-169. doi: 10.1159/000462981. Epub 2017 Apr 27. PMID: 28879195; PMCID: PMC5582478.
Abstract. Background: Biotin has gained commercial popularity for its claimed benefits on healthy hair and nail growth. Despite its reputation, there is limited research to support the utility of biotin in healthy individuals....Conclusions: Though its use as a hair and nail growth supplement is prevalent, research demonstrating the efficacy of biotin is limited. In cases of acquired and inherited causes of biotin deficiency as well as pathologies, such as brittle nail syndrome or uncombable hair, biotin supplementation may be of benefit. However, we propose these cases are uncommon and that there is lack of sufficient evidence for supplementation in healthy individuals.
(2) Famenini, S., & Goh, C. (2014). Evidence for supplemental treatments in androgenetic alopecia. Journal of Drugs in Dermatology: JDD, 13(7), 809-812.
Abstract. Currently, topical minoxidil and finasteride are the only treatments that have been FDA approved for the treatment of female pattern hair loss and androgenetic alopecia. Given the incomplete efficacy and sife effect profile of these medications, some patients utilize alternative treatments to help improve this condition. In this review, we illustrate the scientific evidence underlying the efficacy of these alternative approaches, including biotin, caffeine, melatonin, a marine extract, and zinc.
Altri studi
Biotin interference in high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T testing: a real-world evaluation in acute cardiac care.Vroemen WHM, van Doorn WPTM, Kimenai DM, Wodzig WKWH, de Boer D, Bekers O, Meex SJR. Cardiovasc Res. 2019 Oct 30. pii: cvz277. doi: 10.1093/cvr/cvz277.
Dietary Biotin Supplementation Impairs Testis Morphology and Sperm Quality. Pastén-Hidalgo K, Riverón-Negrete L, Sicilia-Argumedo G, Canul-Medina G, Salazar-Anzures T, Tapia-Rodríguez M, Hernández-González EO, Roa-Espitia AL, Cedillo-Peláez C, Fernandez-Mejia C. J Med Food. 2019 Oct 29. doi: 10.1089/jmf.2019.0137.
Clinically Significant Lab Errors due to Vitamin B7 (Biotin) Supplementation: A Case Report Following a Recent FDA Warning. Rosner I, Rogers E, Maddrey A, Goldberg DM. Cureus. 2019 Aug 23;11(8):e5470. doi: 10.7759/cureus.5470.
Biotin: overview of the treatment of diseases of cutaneous appendages and of hyperseborrhea. Piraccini BM, Berardesca E, Fabbrocini G, Micali G, Tosti A. G Ital Dermatol Venereol. 2019 Oct;154(5):557-566. doi: 10.23736/S0392-0488.19.06434-4.
Novel multifunctional triple folic acid, biotin and CD44 targeting pH-sensitive nano-actiniaes for breast cancer combinational therapy. Liu M, Wang B, Guo C, Hou X, Cheng Z, Chen D. Drug Deliv. 2019 Dec;26(1):1002-1016. doi: 10.1080/10717544.2019.1669734.
Anti-pollution cosmetic-based one-step formation of w/o/w multiple emulsion containing D-biotin for skin protection: fabrication and in vitro and in vivo evaluation. Ali A, Iqbal S, Ilyas A, Khan H, Asad MHHB, Fatima N, Akhtar N. Drug Deliv Transl Res. 2019 Jun 25. doi: 10.1007/s13346-019-00655-w.
Biotin attenuation of oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, lipid metabolism alteration and 7β-hydroxycholesterol-induced cell death in 158N murine oligodendrocytes. Sghaier R, Zarrouk A, Nury T, Badreddine I, O'Brien N, Mackrill JJ, Vejux A, Samadi M, Nasser B, Caccia C, Leoni V, Moreau T, Cherkaoui-Malki M, Salhedine Masmoudi A, Lizard G. Free Radic Res. 2019 May;53(5):535-561. doi: 10.1080/10715762.2019.1612891.
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"Descrizione" about Methylcobalamin by Al222 (17650 pt) | 2024-Mar-29 11:57 |
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Methylcobalamin is an active and bioavailable form of vitamin B12, essential for various biological processes, including cellular metabolism, blood formation, and nervous system function.
Main uses and benefits
Nervous System Support. Methylcobalamin is important for maintaining the health of the nervous system, contributing to nerve regeneration and preventing neurological disorders (1).
Energy Production. It participates in the metabolism of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates, helping to convert food into energy (2).
Blood Formation. It is crucial for the production of red blood cells, helping to prevent anemia.
Mental Health. It plays a role in mood regulation and contributes to the prevention and treatment of disorders like depression (3).
Sleep Support. Methylcobalamin can influence the production of melatonin, thus improving sleep quality (4).
Homocysteine Reduction. It helps reduce blood homocysteine levels, a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (5).
Dietary Supplements. Often used in dietary supplements to ensure adequate vitamin B12 intake, especially for vegans, vegetarians, and the elderly, who may be at risk of deficiency.
Methylcobalamin is an effective form of vitamin B12 that offers significant benefits for nervous system health, energy production, and mental health, making it essential in a balanced diet and supplementation regimens.
Chemical Industrial Synthesis Process
Molecular Formula C63H92CoN13O14P
Molecular Weight 1345.4 g/mol
CAS 13422-55-4
UNII BR1SN1JS2W
EC Number 200-680-0 236-535-3
References_____________________________________________________________________
(1) Buesing S, Costa M, Schilling JM, Moeller-Bertram T. Vitamin B12 as a Treatment for Pain. Pain Physician. 2019 Jan;22(1):E45-E52. PMID: 30700078.
Abstract. Background: First isolated as cyanocobalamin in 1948, vitamin B12 has been explored for pain treatment almost since its discovery. With the advent of the opioid epidemic, safer treatments for pain are needed.....Conclusion: Vitamin B12 may prove to be an adjunctive or integrative treatment for pain conditions. While more research is needed, considering the low incidence of side effects and overall safety, B12 may be an additional tool to consider for pain treatment.
(2) Rovira C, Biarnés X, Kunc K. Structure-energy relations in methylcobalamin with and without bound axial base. Inorg Chem. 2004 Oct 18;43(21):6628-32. doi: 10.1021/ic049810s.
Abstract. The properties of the Co-C bond in methylcobalamin (MeCbl) are analyzed by means of first-principles molecular dynamics. The optimized structure is in very good agreement with experiments, reproducing the bent-up deformation of the corrin ring as well as the metal-ligand bond distances. The analysis of the binding energies, bond orders, and vibrational stretching frequencies shows that the axial base slightly weakens the Co-C bond (by 4%), while the alkyl ligand substantially reinforces the Co-axial base bond (by 90%). These findings support several experiments and provide insight into the conversion between the base-on and base-off forms of the MeCbl cofactor.
(3) Kamrowska A, Kasprzak K, Marciniak J, Goch A, Kamrowski C. The importance of vitamin B12 in psychiatry. Pol Merkur Lekarski. 2010 Mar;28(165):236-8.
Abstract. The article drew attention to the construction of a vitamin B12 deficiency and its importance in the human body. Emphasizes the role of cobalamin as a structural element involved, among others cobamides in such reactions as the synthesis of purine and pyrimidine biosynthesis or choline. Two metabolically active forms of cobalamin: methylcobalamin and adenosylcobalamin and their importance to the human body were presented. The process of absorption of vitamin B12 and methionine in revealing the importance of the neurological symptoms was described. The chemical importance and cause vitamin B12 deficiency was stressed. The attention was paid upon the role of acid in methylomalon determination of vitamin B12 deficiency in the human body. Disclosure reports analyzed the relationship of vitamin B12 from the emergence of psychotic symptoms. Particular attention is given to teams which binds to the vitamin B12 deficiency--depressive, delusional and manic. Based on case reports were analyzed cases with deficiency symptoms associated with a deficit of vitamin B12. Also points to the possibility of diagnosing cobalamin deficiency even before the onset of clinical symptoms.
(4) Takahashi K, Okawa M, Matsumoto M, Mishima K, Yamadera H, Sasaki M, Ishizuka Y, Yamada K, Higuchi T, Okamoto N, Furuta H, Nakagawa H, Ohta T, Kuroda K, Sugita Y, Inoue Y, Uchimura N, Nagayama H, Miike T, Kamei K. Double-blind test on the efficacy of methylcobalamin on sleep-wake rhythm disorders. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1999 Apr;53(2):211-3. doi: 10.1046/j.1440-1819.1999.00534.x.
Abstract. The therapeutic effect of methylcobalamin (Met-12) on sleep-wake rhythm disorders was examined in a double-blind test. In the test group which was given a large dosage, a higher percentage of improvement was found compared to the control group with a small dosage, although the difference was not significant. The test group inconsistently showed significant improvement in both the sleep-wake cycle parameters and in clinical symptoms. The tendency was for the results to show a beneficial effect of Met-12 on rhythm disorders. However, because the percentage of improvement was low and significant improvement was inconsistent, Met-12 might be considered to have a low therapeutic potency and possible use as a booster for other treatment methods of the disorders.
(5) Angelini A, Cappuccilli ML, Magnoni G, Croci Chiocchini AL, Aiello V, Napoletano A, Iacovella F, Troiano A, Mancini R, Capelli I, Cianciolo G. The link between homocysteine, folic acid and vitamin B12 in chronic kidney disease. G Ital Nefrol. 2021 Aug 30;38(4):2021-vol4.
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"Descrizione" about Calcium levomefolate by Al222 (17650 pt) | 2024-Mar-29 11:26 |
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Calcium levomefolate better known as L-Methylfolate Calcium, is the biologically active form of folic acid (vitamin B9) that doesn't require further conversion in the body to be utilized. It is essential for numerous biological processes, including DNA synthesis, cell repair, and amino acid metabolism.
Main uses and benefits
Mental Health Support. L-Methylfolate Calcium has been studied for its role in supporting mental health (1) and treating conditions such as depression, contributing to the regulation of neurotransmitter levels.
Fetal Development. It is crucial for the prevention of neural tube defects in newborns, making it an important supplement during pregnancy to support proper fetal development.
Cardiovascular Health. It helps reduce blood homocysteine levels (2), a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis.
Cognitive Function Support. L-Methylfolate Calcium can support cognitive function and brain health (3), helping to prevent age-related cognitive decline.
Optimized Absorption. Being the biologically active form of folic acid, it is more efficiently absorbed by the body, making it particularly useful for individuals with genetic variants such as the MTHFR mutation (4) that affect the conversion of folic acid.
Dietary Supplements. Often used in dietary supplements to ensure adequate folate intake, especially for pregnant women, people with folate deficiencies, or individuals with specific metabolic needs.
L-Methylfolate Calcium offers significant health benefits, providing direct support to multiple body processes without the need for enzymatic conversion, making it an effective option for folate supplementation.
Chemical Industrial Synthesis Process
Synthesis of L-Methylfolate. The production begins with the chemical or biotechnological synthesis of L-Methylfolate, starting from precursors such as folate or folic acid. This process may involve several reaction stages to introduce the methyl group into the folate molecule.
Conversion to Calcium Salt. The obtained L-Methylfolate is then converted into its calcium salt form to improve its stability and solubility. This is achieved by adding a calcium source to the L-Methylfolate solution and adjusting the pH to favor the formation of the salt.
Purification. The crude L-Methylfolate Calcium salt is purified to remove impurities and by-products of the synthesis. Purification may include techniques such as crystallization, chromatography, and filtration.
Quality Control. The purified product undergoes quality control checks to verify its purity, chemical composition, and absence of impurities. These tests can include spectroscopic analyses, chromatographic analyses, and identity tests.
Formulation. L-Methylfolate Calcium can be formulated into various forms for use in dietary supplements, such as tablets, capsules, or powders, depending on the needs of the final product.
It appears in the form of a white powder
Molecular Formula C20H23CaN7O6
Molecular Weight 497.5 g/mol
CAS 151533-22-1
UNII A9R10K3F2F
EC Number 691-636-3
Synonyms
References_____________________________________________________________________
(1) Rainka M, Aladeen T, Westphal E, Meaney J, Gengo F, Greger J, Capote H. L-Methylfolate Calcium Supplementation in Adolescents and Children: A Retrospective Analysis. J Psychiatr Pract. 2019 Jul;25(4):258-267. doi: 10.1097/PRA.0000000000000400. PMID: 31291206.
Abstract. Previous studies have shown l-methylfolate to be a safe and beneficial therapy for neuropsychiatric conditions, including major depressive disorder and schizophrenia in adults. The purpose of this study was to assess safety and describe patient experience using l-methylfolate calcium in a real-world pediatric and adolescent population. A retrospective chart review of patients (7 to 20 y of age, mean age 16 y) prescribed l-methylfolate calcium at a psychiatry clinic in Amherst, NY, between January 1, 2010 and November 10, 2015 was conducted. Patients to whom l-methylfolate calcium 15 mg/d (n=139) or 7.5 mg/d (n=7) was administered were identified; 44 patients who were prescribed but to whom l-methylfolate calcium was not administered were included as a comparator population. Common neuropsychiatric diagnoses included anxiety disorders (68% in the treatment population vs. 50% in the comparator population) and mood disorders (57% in the treatment population vs. 52% in the comparator population). Antidepressants (69% vs. 55%) and mood stabilizers or antiepileptic drugs (63% vs. 57%) were frequently prescribed in combination with l-methylfolate calcium. Adverse events occurred less frequently in the treated population, possibly due to the addition of l-methylfolate calcium (10% vs. 25%, P=0.02). The most common adverse events in the treated population were impaired sleep (5 patients) and increased anxiety (3 patients). Rates of laboratory abnormalities did not differ significantly between the treated and comparator populations (P=0.13). Positive subjective treatment experiences were reported by 22.5% of treated patients and negative subjective treatment experiences were reported by 5.4% of treated patients. L-methylfolate calcium was well-tolerated in a pediatric/adolescent population and may provide benefits for patients with a range of neuropsychiatric conditions.
(2) Huang Y, Tan Y, Wang L, Lan L, Luo J, Wang J, Zeng H, Shu W. Consumption of very low-mineral water may threaten cardiovascular health by increasing homocysteine in children. Front Nutr. 2023 Mar 9;10:1133488. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1133488. PMID: 36969809;
Abstract. Introduction: Homocysteine (Hcy) is a critical factor for cardiovascular injury, and the elevation of Hcy in children will inevitably increase the risk of cardiovascular disease in adulthood. This study explored the effect of very low-mineral water on children's Hcy and cardiovascular health.....Conclusion: This study suggested that drinking very low-mineral water may increase Hcy level and oxidative stress, worsen lipid profile, and threaten the cardiovascular system in children. Reducing 1,25,(OH)2D3, and disordering of calcium metabolism might play important roles. This study first established an association between demineralized drinking water and cardiovascular health in children, suggesting a new environmental concern risk to cardiovascular health.
(3) Frye RE, Sequeira JM, Quadros EV, James SJ, Rossignol DA. Cerebral folate receptor autoantibodies in autism spectrum disorder. Mol Psychiatry. 2013 Mar;18(3):369-81. doi: 10.1038/mp.2011.175.
Abstract. Cerebral folate deficiency (CFD) syndrome is a neurodevelopmental disorder typically caused by folate receptor autoantibodies (FRAs) that interfere with folate transport across the blood-brain barrier. Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) and improvements in ASD symptoms with leucovorin (folinic acid) treatment have been reported in some children with CFD. In children with ASD, the prevalence of FRAs and the response to leucovorin in FRA-positive children has not been systematically investigated. In this study, serum FRA concentrations were measured in 93 children with ASD and a high prevalence (75.3%) of FRAs was found. In 16 children, the concentration of blocking FRA significantly correlated with cerebrospinal fluid 5-methyltetrahydrofolate concentrations, which were below the normative mean in every case. Children with FRAs were treated with oral leucovorin calcium (2 mg kg(-1) per day; maximum 50 mg per day). Treatment response was measured and compared with a wait-list control group. Compared with controls, significantly higher improvement ratings were observed in treated children over a mean period of 4 months in verbal communication, receptive and expressive language, attention and stereotypical behavior. Approximately one-third of treated children demonstrated moderate to much improvement. The incidence of adverse effects was low. This study suggests that FRAs may be important in ASD and that FRA-positive children with ASD may benefit from leucovorin calcium treatment. Given these results, empirical treatment with leucovorin calcium may be a reasonable and non-invasive approach in FRA-positive children with ASD. Additional studies of folate receptor autoimmunity and leucovorin calcium treatment in children with ASD are warranted.
(4) Knowles L, Morris AA, Walter JH. Treatment with Mefolinate (5-Methyltetrahydrofolate), but Not Folic Acid or Folinic Acid, Leads to Measurable 5-Methyltetrahydrofolate in Cerebrospinal Fluid in Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase Deficiency. JIMD Rep. 2016;29:103-107. doi: 10.1007/8904_2016_529.
Abstract. S-adenosyl methionine, which is formed from methionine, is an essential methyl donor within the central nervous system. Methionine is formed by the enzyme methionine synthase for which 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5-MTHF) and homocysteine are substrates. Patients with severe methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) deficiency cannot make 5-MTHF and have extremely low levels in the CSF. As a consequence, methylation reactions in the CNS are compromised, and this is likely to play an important role in the neurological abnormalities that occur in MTHFR deficiency. Although treatment with oral betaine can remethylate homocysteine to methionine in the liver, betaine crosses the blood-brain barrier poorly, and CSF levels of methionine remain low. We report three patients with severe MTHFR deficiency (enzyme activity ≤1% of controls) who had undetectable levels of CSF 5-MTHF at diagnosis and while on treatment with either folic acid or calcium folinate. Only treatment with oral 5-MTHF given as calcium mefolinate at doses of 15-60 mg/kg/day resulted in an increase in CSF 5-MTHF.
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"Descrizione" about Calcium L-methylfolate by Al222 (17650 pt) | 2024-Mar-29 11:21 |
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Calcium L-methylfolate better known as L-Methylfolate Calcium, also known as Calcium Levomefolate, is the biologically active form of folic acid (vitamin B9) that doesn't require further conversion in the body to be utilized. It is essential for numerous biological processes, including DNA synthesis, cell repair, and amino acid metabolism.
Main uses and benefits
Mental Health Support. L-Methylfolate Calcium has been studied for its role in supporting mental health (1) and treating conditions such as depression, contributing to the regulation of neurotransmitter levels.
Fetal Development. It is crucial for the prevention of neural tube defects in newborns, making it an important supplement during pregnancy to support proper fetal development.
Cardiovascular Health. It helps reduce blood homocysteine levels (2), a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis.
Cognitive Function Support. L-Methylfolate Calcium can support cognitive function and brain health (3), helping to prevent age-related cognitive decline.
Optimized Absorption. Being the biologically active form of folic acid, it is more efficiently absorbed by the body, making it particularly useful for individuals with genetic variants such as the MTHFR mutation (4) that affect the conversion of folic acid.
Dietary Supplements. Often used in dietary supplements to ensure adequate folate intake, especially for pregnant women, people with folate deficiencies, or individuals with specific metabolic needs.
L-Methylfolate Calcium offers significant health benefits, providing direct support to multiple body processes without the need for enzymatic conversion, making it an effective option for folate supplementation.
Chemical Industrial Synthesis Process
Synthesis of L-Methylfolate. The production begins with the chemical or biotechnological synthesis of L-Methylfolate, starting from precursors such as folate or folic acid. This process may involve several reaction stages to introduce the methyl group into the folate molecule.
Conversion to Calcium Salt. The obtained L-Methylfolate is then converted into its calcium salt form to improve its stability and solubility. This is achieved by adding a calcium source to the L-Methylfolate solution and adjusting the pH to favor the formation of the salt.
Purification. The crude L-Methylfolate Calcium salt is purified to remove impurities and by-products of the synthesis. Purification may include techniques such as crystallization, chromatography, and filtration.
Quality Control. The purified product undergoes quality control checks to verify its purity, chemical composition, and absence of impurities. These tests can include spectroscopic analyses, chromatographic analyses, and identity tests.
Formulation. L-Methylfolate Calcium can be formulated into various forms for use in dietary supplements, such as tablets, capsules, or powders, depending on the needs of the final product.
It appears in the form of a white powder
Molecular Formula C20H23CaN7O6
Molecular Weight 497.5 g/mol
CAS 151533-22-1
UNII A9R10K3F2F
EC Number 691-636-3
Synonyms
References_____________________________________________________________________
(1) Rainka M, Aladeen T, Westphal E, Meaney J, Gengo F, Greger J, Capote H. L-Methylfolate Calcium Supplementation in Adolescents and Children: A Retrospective Analysis. J Psychiatr Pract. 2019 Jul;25(4):258-267. doi: 10.1097/PRA.0000000000000400. PMID: 31291206.
Abstract. Previous studies have shown l-methylfolate to be a safe and beneficial therapy for neuropsychiatric conditions, including major depressive disorder and schizophrenia in adults. The purpose of this study was to assess safety and describe patient experience using l-methylfolate calcium in a real-world pediatric and adolescent population. A retrospective chart review of patients (7 to 20 y of age, mean age 16 y) prescribed l-methylfolate calcium at a psychiatry clinic in Amherst, NY, between January 1, 2010 and November 10, 2015 was conducted. Patients to whom l-methylfolate calcium 15 mg/d (n=139) or 7.5 mg/d (n=7) was administered were identified; 44 patients who were prescribed but to whom l-methylfolate calcium was not administered were included as a comparator population. Common neuropsychiatric diagnoses included anxiety disorders (68% in the treatment population vs. 50% in the comparator population) and mood disorders (57% in the treatment population vs. 52% in the comparator population). Antidepressants (69% vs. 55%) and mood stabilizers or antiepileptic drugs (63% vs. 57%) were frequently prescribed in combination with l-methylfolate calcium. Adverse events occurred less frequently in the treated population, possibly due to the addition of l-methylfolate calcium (10% vs. 25%, P=0.02). The most common adverse events in the treated population were impaired sleep (5 patients) and increased anxiety (3 patients). Rates of laboratory abnormalities did not differ significantly between the treated and comparator populations (P=0.13). Positive subjective treatment experiences were reported by 22.5% of treated patients and negative subjective treatment experiences were reported by 5.4% of treated patients. L-methylfolate calcium was well-tolerated in a pediatric/adolescent population and may provide benefits for patients with a range of neuropsychiatric conditions.
(2) Huang Y, Tan Y, Wang L, Lan L, Luo J, Wang J, Zeng H, Shu W. Consumption of very low-mineral water may threaten cardiovascular health by increasing homocysteine in children. Front Nutr. 2023 Mar 9;10:1133488. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1133488. PMID: 36969809;
Abstract. Introduction: Homocysteine (Hcy) is a critical factor for cardiovascular injury, and the elevation of Hcy in children will inevitably increase the risk of cardiovascular disease in adulthood. This study explored the effect of very low-mineral water on children's Hcy and cardiovascular health.....Conclusion: This study suggested that drinking very low-mineral water may increase Hcy level and oxidative stress, worsen lipid profile, and threaten the cardiovascular system in children. Reducing 1,25,(OH)2D3, and disordering of calcium metabolism might play important roles. This study first established an association between demineralized drinking water and cardiovascular health in children, suggesting a new environmental concern risk to cardiovascular health.
(3) Frye RE, Sequeira JM, Quadros EV, James SJ, Rossignol DA. Cerebral folate receptor autoantibodies in autism spectrum disorder. Mol Psychiatry. 2013 Mar;18(3):369-81. doi: 10.1038/mp.2011.175.
Abstract. Cerebral folate deficiency (CFD) syndrome is a neurodevelopmental disorder typically caused by folate receptor autoantibodies (FRAs) that interfere with folate transport across the blood-brain barrier. Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) and improvements in ASD symptoms with leucovorin (folinic acid) treatment have been reported in some children with CFD. In children with ASD, the prevalence of FRAs and the response to leucovorin in FRA-positive children has not been systematically investigated. In this study, serum FRA concentrations were measured in 93 children with ASD and a high prevalence (75.3%) of FRAs was found. In 16 children, the concentration of blocking FRA significantly correlated with cerebrospinal fluid 5-methyltetrahydrofolate concentrations, which were below the normative mean in every case. Children with FRAs were treated with oral leucovorin calcium (2 mg kg(-1) per day; maximum 50 mg per day). Treatment response was measured and compared with a wait-list control group. Compared with controls, significantly higher improvement ratings were observed in treated children over a mean period of 4 months in verbal communication, receptive and expressive language, attention and stereotypical behavior. Approximately one-third of treated children demonstrated moderate to much improvement. The incidence of adverse effects was low. This study suggests that FRAs may be important in ASD and that FRA-positive children with ASD may benefit from leucovorin calcium treatment. Given these results, empirical treatment with leucovorin calcium may be a reasonable and non-invasive approach in FRA-positive children with ASD. Additional studies of folate receptor autoimmunity and leucovorin calcium treatment in children with ASD are warranted.
(4) Knowles L, Morris AA, Walter JH. Treatment with Mefolinate (5-Methyltetrahydrofolate), but Not Folic Acid or Folinic Acid, Leads to Measurable 5-Methyltetrahydrofolate in Cerebrospinal Fluid in Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase Deficiency. JIMD Rep. 2016;29:103-107. doi: 10.1007/8904_2016_529.
Abstract. S-adenosyl methionine, which is formed from methionine, is an essential methyl donor within the central nervous system. Methionine is formed by the enzyme methionine synthase for which 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5-MTHF) and homocysteine are substrates. Patients with severe methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) deficiency cannot make 5-MTHF and have extremely low levels in the CSF. As a consequence, methylation reactions in the CNS are compromised, and this is likely to play an important role in the neurological abnormalities that occur in MTHFR deficiency. Although treatment with oral betaine can remethylate homocysteine to methionine in the liver, betaine crosses the blood-brain barrier poorly, and CSF levels of methionine remain low. We report three patients with severe MTHFR deficiency (enzyme activity ≤1% of controls) who had undetectable levels of CSF 5-MTHF at diagnosis and while on treatment with either folic acid or calcium folinate. Only treatment with oral 5-MTHF given as calcium mefolinate at doses of 15-60 mg/kg/day resulted in an increase in CSF 5-MTHF.
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"Descrizione" about L-methylfolate calcium by Al222 (17650 pt) | 2024-Mar-29 11:22 |
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L-Methylfolate Calcium, also known as Calcium Levomefolate, is the biologically active form of folic acid (vitamin B9) that doesn't require further conversion in the body to be utilized. It is essential for numerous biological processes, including DNA synthesis, cell repair, and amino acid metabolism.
Main uses and benefits
Mental Health Support. L-Methylfolate Calcium has been studied for its role in supporting mental health (1) and treating conditions such as depression, contributing to the regulation of neurotransmitter levels.
Fetal Development. It is crucial for the prevention of neural tube defects in newborns, making it an important supplement during pregnancy to support proper fetal development.
Cardiovascular Health. It helps reduce blood homocysteine levels (2), a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis.
Cognitive Function Support. L-Methylfolate Calcium can support cognitive function and brain health (3), helping to prevent age-related cognitive decline.
Optimized Absorption. Being the biologically active form of folic acid, it is more efficiently absorbed by the body, making it particularly useful for individuals with genetic variants such as the MTHFR mutation (4) that affect the conversion of folic acid.
Dietary Supplements. Often used in dietary supplements to ensure adequate folate intake, especially for pregnant women, people with folate deficiencies, or individuals with specific metabolic needs.
L-Methylfolate Calcium offers significant health benefits, providing direct support to multiple body processes without the need for enzymatic conversion, making it an effective option for folate supplementation.
Chemical Industrial Synthesis Process
Synthesis of L-Methylfolate. The production begins with the chemical or biotechnological synthesis of L-Methylfolate, starting from precursors such as folate or folic acid. This process may involve several reaction stages to introduce the methyl group into the folate molecule.
Conversion to Calcium Salt. The obtained L-Methylfolate is then converted into its calcium salt form to improve its stability and solubility. This is achieved by adding a calcium source to the L-Methylfolate solution and adjusting the pH to favor the formation of the salt.
Purification. The crude L-Methylfolate Calcium salt is purified to remove impurities and by-products of the synthesis. Purification may include techniques such as crystallization, chromatography, and filtration.
Quality Control. The purified product undergoes quality control checks to verify its purity, chemical composition, and absence of impurities. These tests can include spectroscopic analyses, chromatographic analyses, and identity tests.
Formulation. L-Methylfolate Calcium can be formulated into various forms for use in dietary supplements, such as tablets, capsules, or powders, depending on the needs of the final product.
It appears in the form of a white powder
Molecular Formula C20H23CaN7O6
Molecular Weight 497.5 g/mol
CAS 151533-22-1
UNII A9R10K3F2F
EC Number 691-636-3
Synonyms
References_____________________________________________________________________
(1) Rainka M, Aladeen T, Westphal E, Meaney J, Gengo F, Greger J, Capote H. L-Methylfolate Calcium Supplementation in Adolescents and Children: A Retrospective Analysis. J Psychiatr Pract. 2019 Jul;25(4):258-267. doi: 10.1097/PRA.0000000000000400. PMID: 31291206.
Abstract. Previous studies have shown l-methylfolate to be a safe and beneficial therapy for neuropsychiatric conditions, including major depressive disorder and schizophrenia in adults. The purpose of this study was to assess safety and describe patient experience using l-methylfolate calcium in a real-world pediatric and adolescent population. A retrospective chart review of patients (7 to 20 y of age, mean age 16 y) prescribed l-methylfolate calcium at a psychiatry clinic in Amherst, NY, between January 1, 2010 and November 10, 2015 was conducted. Patients to whom l-methylfolate calcium 15 mg/d (n=139) or 7.5 mg/d (n=7) was administered were identified; 44 patients who were prescribed but to whom l-methylfolate calcium was not administered were included as a comparator population. Common neuropsychiatric diagnoses included anxiety disorders (68% in the treatment population vs. 50% in the comparator population) and mood disorders (57% in the treatment population vs. 52% in the comparator population). Antidepressants (69% vs. 55%) and mood stabilizers or antiepileptic drugs (63% vs. 57%) were frequently prescribed in combination with l-methylfolate calcium. Adverse events occurred less frequently in the treated population, possibly due to the addition of l-methylfolate calcium (10% vs. 25%, P=0.02). The most common adverse events in the treated population were impaired sleep (5 patients) and increased anxiety (3 patients). Rates of laboratory abnormalities did not differ significantly between the treated and comparator populations (P=0.13). Positive subjective treatment experiences were reported by 22.5% of treated patients and negative subjective treatment experiences were reported by 5.4% of treated patients. L-methylfolate calcium was well-tolerated in a pediatric/adolescent population and may provide benefits for patients with a range of neuropsychiatric conditions.
(2) Huang Y, Tan Y, Wang L, Lan L, Luo J, Wang J, Zeng H, Shu W. Consumption of very low-mineral water may threaten cardiovascular health by increasing homocysteine in children. Front Nutr. 2023 Mar 9;10:1133488. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1133488. PMID: 36969809;
Abstract. Introduction: Homocysteine (Hcy) is a critical factor for cardiovascular injury, and the elevation of Hcy in children will inevitably increase the risk of cardiovascular disease in adulthood. This study explored the effect of very low-mineral water on children's Hcy and cardiovascular health.....Conclusion: This study suggested that drinking very low-mineral water may increase Hcy level and oxidative stress, worsen lipid profile, and threaten the cardiovascular system in children. Reducing 1,25,(OH)2D3, and disordering of calcium metabolism might play important roles. This study first established an association between demineralized drinking water and cardiovascular health in children, suggesting a new environmental concern risk to cardiovascular health.
(3) Frye RE, Sequeira JM, Quadros EV, James SJ, Rossignol DA. Cerebral folate receptor autoantibodies in autism spectrum disorder. Mol Psychiatry. 2013 Mar;18(3):369-81. doi: 10.1038/mp.2011.175.
Abstract. Cerebral folate deficiency (CFD) syndrome is a neurodevelopmental disorder typically caused by folate receptor autoantibodies (FRAs) that interfere with folate transport across the blood-brain barrier. Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) and improvements in ASD symptoms with leucovorin (folinic acid) treatment have been reported in some children with CFD. In children with ASD, the prevalence of FRAs and the response to leucovorin in FRA-positive children has not been systematically investigated. In this study, serum FRA concentrations were measured in 93 children with ASD and a high prevalence (75.3%) of FRAs was found. In 16 children, the concentration of blocking FRA significantly correlated with cerebrospinal fluid 5-methyltetrahydrofolate concentrations, which were below the normative mean in every case. Children with FRAs were treated with oral leucovorin calcium (2 mg kg(-1) per day; maximum 50 mg per day). Treatment response was measured and compared with a wait-list control group. Compared with controls, significantly higher improvement ratings were observed in treated children over a mean period of 4 months in verbal communication, receptive and expressive language, attention and stereotypical behavior. Approximately one-third of treated children demonstrated moderate to much improvement. The incidence of adverse effects was low. This study suggests that FRAs may be important in ASD and that FRA-positive children with ASD may benefit from leucovorin calcium treatment. Given these results, empirical treatment with leucovorin calcium may be a reasonable and non-invasive approach in FRA-positive children with ASD. Additional studies of folate receptor autoimmunity and leucovorin calcium treatment in children with ASD are warranted.
(4) Knowles L, Morris AA, Walter JH. Treatment with Mefolinate (5-Methyltetrahydrofolate), but Not Folic Acid or Folinic Acid, Leads to Measurable 5-Methyltetrahydrofolate in Cerebrospinal Fluid in Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase Deficiency. JIMD Rep. 2016;29:103-107. doi: 10.1007/8904_2016_529.
Abstract. S-adenosyl methionine, which is formed from methionine, is an essential methyl donor within the central nervous system. Methionine is formed by the enzyme methionine synthase for which 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5-MTHF) and homocysteine are substrates. Patients with severe methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) deficiency cannot make 5-MTHF and have extremely low levels in the CSF. As a consequence, methylation reactions in the CNS are compromised, and this is likely to play an important role in the neurological abnormalities that occur in MTHFR deficiency. Although treatment with oral betaine can remethylate homocysteine to methionine in the liver, betaine crosses the blood-brain barrier poorly, and CSF levels of methionine remain low. We report three patients with severe MTHFR deficiency (enzyme activity ≤1% of controls) who had undetectable levels of CSF 5-MTHF at diagnosis and while on treatment with either folic acid or calcium folinate. Only treatment with oral 5-MTHF given as calcium mefolinate at doses of 15-60 mg/kg/day resulted in an increase in CSF 5-MTHF.
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"Descrizione" about Pyridoxal-5-phosphate by Al222 (17650 pt) | 2024-Mar-29 10:44 |
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Pyridoxal-5-phosphate (P5P), also known as the coenzymatic form of vitamin B6, is the active form of vitamin B6 in the body. It is essential for numerous metabolic processes, including amino acid metabolism, neurotransmitter synthesis, and energy production.
Main uses and benefits
Amino Acid Metabolism. P5P plays a crucial role in the metabolism of amino acids, essential for protein synthesis and maintaining nitrogen balance in the body.
Neurotransmitter Synthesis. It is vital for the synthesis of important neurotransmitters (1), such as serotonin, norepinephrine, and GABA, contributing to mood regulation, sleep, and cognitive functions.
Hemoglobin Production. P5P aids in the synthesis of hemoglobin (2), the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout the body, thus supporting blood health.
Immune System Health. It supports the immune system by regulating the production of antibodies and maintaining lymphocyte function (3).
Inflammation Reduction. It has been shown to contribute to reducing inflammation in the body (4), potentially benefiting conditions like arthritis.
Dietary Supplements. Often used in dietary supplements to ensure adequate intake of vitamin B6, especially for those who may have difficulty converting inactive vitamin B6 into P5P in the body.
Pyridoxal-5-phosphate is an essential and biologically active form of vitamin B6, offering a wide range of health benefits, from brain function to energy metabolism, making it a key component of a healthy diet and supplementation regimens.
Chemical Industrial Synthesis Process
It appears in the form of a white powder
Molecular Formula C8H10NO6P
Molecular Weight 247.14 g/mol
CAS 54-47-7
UNII F06SGE49M6
EC Number 200-208-3
DTXSID4048351
Synonyms
References_____________________________________________________________________
(1) Adelufosi AO, Abayomi O, Ojo TM. Pyridoxal 5 phosphate for neuroleptic-induced tardive dyskinesia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Apr 13;(4):CD010501. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD010501.pub2. PMID: 25866243.
Abstract. Background: Tardive dyskinesia is a chronic and disabling abnormal movement disorder affecting the muscles of the face, neck, tongue and the limbs. It is a common side effect of long-term antipsychotic medication use in individuals with schizophrenia and other related psychotic disorders. While there are no known effective treatments for tardive dyskinesia to date, some reports suggest that pyridoxal 5 phosphate may be effective in reducing the severity of tardive dyskinesia symptoms....Authors' conclusions: Pyridoxal 5 phosphate may have some benefits in reducing the severity of tardive dyskinesia symptoms among individuals with schizophrenia. However, the quality of evidence supporting the effectiveness of pyridoxal 5 phosphate in treating tardive dyskinesia is low, based on few studies, short follow-up periods, small sample sizes and inadequate adherence to standardised reporting guidelines for randomised controlled trials among the included studies.
(2) Kark JA, Bongiovanni R, Hicks CU, Tarassoff PG, Hannah JS, Yoshida GY. Modification of intracellular hemoglobin with pyridoxal and pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. Blood Cells. 1982;8(2):299-314. PMID: 7159754.
Abstract. The aldehyde forms of vitamin B6, pyridoxal and pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) have aroused interest as antisickling agents because of their ability to modify hemoglobin (Hb) and their low toxicity. To study their rate of formation and stability inside red cells, pyridoxal-Hb and PLP-Hb were measured in lysates from treated normal and sickle erythrocytes using isocratic high pressure liquid chromatography on Bio-Rex 70. The validity of this assay was confirmed by isoelectric focussing, fluorescence scans of reduced globin, and treatment of cells with pyridoxal 14C. Optimal conditions were described for treatment of whole blood with pyridoxal and washed erythrocytes with PLP. Although there was competition between 2,3-DPG and PLP, but not pyridoxal, for binding to Hb, depletion of 2,3-DPG prior to treatment was unnecessary. No special requirements were noted for the anticoagulants or buffers used. Sickle erythrocytes formed PLP-Hb more rapidly than normal erythrocytes, but pyridoxal-Hb appeared at the same rate in both types of erythrocytes. During incubation of treated erythrocytes in untreated plasma, the stability of pyridoxal-Hb varied inversely with the hematocrit, but PLP-Hb was stable at all hematocrits tested. The absence of hemolysis during a 4 day incubation of treated normal red cells implies that treatment with pyridoxal or PLP did not severely impair red cell metabolism.
(3) Huang YC, Chang HH, Huang SC, Cheng CH, Lee BJ, Cheng SY, Su KH. Plasma pyridoxal 5'-phosphate is a significant indicator of immune responses in the mechanically ventilated critically ill. Nutrition. 2005 Jul-Aug;21(7-8):779-85. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2004.11.013. PMID: 15975484.
Abstract. Objectives: This study assessed the effect of vitamin B6 status on immune responses in mechanically ventilated, critically ill patients and compared the results with those of healthy controls.....Conclusions: Plasma PLP is a significant indicator of immune responses in human subjects. Further research is warranted to study whether vitamin B6 supplementation in critically ill patients improves their immune responses.
(4) Sakakeeny L, Roubenoff R, Obin M, Fontes JD, Benjamin EJ, Bujanover Y, Jacques PF, Selhub J. Plasma pyridoxal-5-phosphate is inversely associated with systemic markers of inflammation in a population of U.S. adults. J Nutr. 2012 Jul;142(7):1280-5. doi: 10.3945/jn.111.153056.
Abstract. Low vitamin B-6 status, based on plasma concentrations of pyridoxal-5-phosphate (PLP), has been identified in inflammatory diseases, including cardiovascular disease, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and diabetes. Our objective was to examine the association between plasma PLP and multiple markers of inflammation in a community-based cohort [n = 2229 participants (55% women, mean age 61 ± 9 y)]. We created an overall inflammation score (IS) as the sum of standardized values of 13 individual inflammatory markers. Multivariable-adjusted regression analysis was used to assess the associations between the IS and plasma PLP. Geometric mean plasma PLP concentrations were lower in the highest tertile category of IS relative to the lowest (61 vs. 80 nmol/L; P-trend < 0.0001). Similarly, the prevalence of PLP insufficiency was significantly higher for participants in the highest compared with the lowest tertiles for IS categories. These relationships persisted after accounting for vitamin B-6 intake. Also, there were significant inverse relationships between plasma PLP and 4 IS based on functionally related markers, including acute phase reactants, cytokines, adhesion molecules, and oxidative stress. In addition, secondary analyses revealed that many of the individual inflammatory markers were inversely associated with plasma PLP after adjusting for plasma C-reactive protein concentration. This study, in combination with past findings, further supports our hypothesis that inflammation is associated with a functional deficiency of vitamin B-6. We discuss 2 possible roles for PLP in the inflammatory process, including tryptophan metabolism and serine hydroxymethyltransferase activity.
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